Percent changes

Calculate the vapor pressure of water when present in a capillary of 0.1 m radius (assume zero contact angle). Express your result as percent change from the normal value at 25°C. Suppose now that the effective radius of the capillary is reduced because of the presence of an adsorbed film of water 100 A thick. Show what the percent reduction in vapor pressure should now be. 

Using typical activation energies out of Tables 6.2-6.4, estimate the percent change in the rate of polymerization with a 1°C change in temperature at 50°C for thermally initiated and photinitiated polymerization. 

Finally we recognize that a 1°C temperature variation can be approximated as dT and that (dRp/Rp) X 100 gives the approximate percent change in the rate of polymerization. Taking average values of E from the appropriate tables, we obtain E j = 145, E = 16.8, and Ep = 24.9 kJ mol . For thermally initiated polymerization... 

Figure 2-45. Comparison of various cycles based on percent change in power and efficiency and cost /KW.

Tabulation showing percent changes in P arid Tj needed to cause AVo change in air compressor efficiency. Ideal gas equations are used. 

You may report the change in the amount of the chemical generated in either of two ways. You may provide the amount of the chemical in waste produced in the reporting year and the previous year, or you may report only the percent change. 

Alternatively, the facility may opt to report only the percent change as follows ... 

Even though the floating roof achieved a 90% reduction of toluene emissions from the tank, the overall facility-wide change in toluene waste generation is negative 40% - this is the figure that should be reported in the or percent change" part of Section 8 of Form R. 

MEASURE PERCENT CHANGE AFTER 2 WEEKS PERCENT CHANCE AFTER 4 MONTHS... 

It is well known that reseive estimates made early in the development of a field are often wi ong and that there s a 50 percent change in estimated ultimate recovery in many fields during the first ten years. In addition, the average field lifetime has been a decade longer than initially expected in the North Sea. If you believe in reserve growth, you would conclude that there will not be a petroleum crisis anytime soon. If, on the other hand, you believe that reserves have been overstated and you make negative revisions to reserve estimates, there rvill be a crisis soon. Current known petroleum reserves (proved + P50 probable) in the world are 1.44 trillion barrels of oil, 5,845 trillion cubic feet of gas, and 80 billion barrels of natural... 

Figure 9-112. Percent change in gpm to produce 1°F change in approach. Used by permission of Whitesell, J., Chemical Engineering, Jan. (1955) p. 187, all rights reserved.

Table 19-1 Radiatively important trace species in the atmosphere. Percent change in flux measured relative to the pre-industrial time...

With proportional control, the final control element has a definite position for each value of the measured variable. In other words, the output has a linear relationship with the input. Proportional band is the change in input required to produce a full range of change in the output due to the proportional control action. Or simply, it is the percent change of the input signal required to change the output signal from 0% to 100%. 

The iterative program incorporating the quadratic interpolation search yielded the results in Table E12.4B. The optimum reflux ratio was 17.06 and the cost,/, was 3870/day. Table E12.4C shows the variation in/ for 10 percent change in R. The profit function changes 100/day or more. 

AR.% percent change from room temperature value A % percent change of irradiated w.r.t baseline value... 

Clay Original Smectite (nm) observed ideal a (Degrees) Illite Layers1 (Percent Change)... 

Dr. Stockier Dr. Herber mentioned change in the 5 electron density in tin as measured by internal conversion methods. What was the percent change observed ... 

Fig. 3 Activation difference between the rapid visual information processing (RVIP) and control tasks in smokers after administration of placebo and nicotine patches. The graphs show the percent change in activation (from baseline) during performance of each task in smokers in the two drug conditions. After receiving nicotine, smokers demonstrated better task performance and more task-related activity in the parietal (A and B) and occipital (C and D) cortices compared to the parallel measures after they received placebo (Kumari et al. 2003)...

For soybean-based biodiesel at this concentration, the estimated emission impacts for percent change in emissions of NO,, particular matter (PM), HC, and CO were +20%, -10.1%, -21.1%, and -11.0%, respectively (EPA, 2002). The use of blends of biodiesel and diesel oil are preferred in engines in order to avoid some problems related to the decrease of power and torque, and to the increase of NO, emissions (a contributing factor in the localized formation of smog and ozone) that occurs with an increase in the content of pure biodiesel in a blend. Emissions of all pollutants except NO appear to decrease when biodiesel is used. The use of biodiesel in a conventional diesel engine dramatically reduces the emissions of unbumed hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfates, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, ozone-forming hydrocarbons, and particulate matter. The net contribution of carbon dioxide from biomass combustion is small. 

In a typical experiment, benzene vapor was admitted into the evacuated balance chamber by means of stopcock D. After achieving the desired pressure, stopcock D was closed. The maximum uncertainty in p/p during the course of any one experiment was 0.008 units. Equilibrium was judged to be established when there was less than a 1 percent change in weight over a 12 hour period. Total sorption values were reproducible to within 1%. 

Percent change in length of the polymer prepared by Y irradiation of BIS-GMA. 

---