Energy ratios

Fuel costs vaiy widely from one area to another because of the cost of the fuel itself and the cost of transportation. Any meaningful cost comparison between fuels requires current costs based on such factors as the amounts used at a particular geographical location, utilization efficiencies or energy-ratio data for the equipment involved, and the effects of Torm v ue. Although the costs given in Table 27-9 do not apply to specific locations, they give fuel-cost trends. 

For direct back-scattering through 180°, the lowest value of the energy ratio is given by ... 

Figure 13-18. Pulse energy ratio for frequency variations.

Filler/polymer surface energy ratio Equilibrium work of 1.14 0.87 0.76... 

We next obtain an expression for the activation energy ratio in terms of EOS properties. Following Naoki [80], the activation energy can be expressed as... 

This ratio is related linearly to the degree of polymerization n. In the case of a poly(acrylic acid) where n = 1000 and /> = 20 nm, this ratio works out at 35. Thus, many of the counterions must enter the region of the polyion. Even when 90 % of the counterions are within the polyion this ratio is still high with a value of 3-5. A similar calculation for the rod-like random coil gives an energy ratio of 26 and similar arguments apply. 

Solvent Energy Ratio Waste Energy Ratio ... 

Metal (process) Process energy I09 Jtr1 metal Free energy Free energy/ Process energy ratio... 

Castell A G, Cliplef R L, Paste-Flynn L M and Butler G (1994), Performance, carcass and pork characteristics of castrates and gilts self-fed diets differing in protein content and lysine energy ratio , Can J Anim Sci, 74, 519-528. 

This number is conceptually an energy ratio, but independent of the interface heat extraction rate and thus the contact area. Since the interface heat transfer is assumed to control the solidification process of an impacting droplet, the choice of a dimensionless number should involve an evaluation of the influence exerted by this key factor. Therefore, the use of this newly defined dimensionless number is limited to an initial decision on which of the Impact number and the Freezing number is most appropriate for the application to a given material system at a know impact velocity. 

Quantity related to the divergence D defined in Eq. (143) Activation energy Ratio of activation energy to universal gas constant, E/R Expected value of the residual of Ci... 

The first of these to be discussed will be the Cohesive Energy Ratio, R concept (20), Using the concept of cohesive energy between molecules, Winsor recognized four structures. 

Other LAS homolog structural effects on wettability and soil removal were found when the data were analyzed using the cohesive energy ratio, R, the regular solution theories of the... 

Correlation Plot of Cohesive Energy Ratio for LAS Homolog Detergency of Mineral and the Experimental Soil Removal. 

Ill) surface, one can evaluate both step energies which are 17.0 and 19.6 meV/A for the [110](111) and [110](100) steps, respectively, atT = 473 K. The more open step has the higher energy. The step energy ratio is thus 0.87. This ratio can be compared with 0.935 calculated for Al(lll) [40], with 0.89 calculated for Pt(lll) [41] and 0.87 found experimentally for Pt(lll) from the shape of small two-dimensional islands at 625 K by Michely and Comsa [42]. It is remarkable that such veiy similar ratios are found by these different approaches. 

The property of interest to characterize a surfactant or a mixture of surfactants is its hydrophilic-lipophilic tendency, which has been expressed in many different ways through a variety of concepts such as the hydrophiUc-lipophilic balance (HLB), the phase inversion temperature (PIT), the cohesive energy ratio (CER), the surfactant affinity difference (SAD) or the hydrophilic-lipophilic deviation (HLD) [1], which were found to be more or less satisfactory depending on the case. In the next section, the quantification of the effects of the different compounds involved in the formulation of surfactant-oil-water systems will be discussed in details to extract the concept of characteristic parameter of the surfactant, as a way to quantify its hydrophilic-lipophilic property independently of the nature of the physicochemical environment. 

The basis sets are selected from those presented in the previous Tables. First it can be stated that using the SMO method the kinetic energy / partitioned total energy ratios calculated according to the monomers are close to -1. It is found by using other basis sets, too [18, 19]. The results presented here also support that the separator of the SMO method works adequately. 

The energy ratio depends also on the mass ratio r. Figure 3.35 displays the mass ratio dependence of the energy ratio of ion 2 for (a) < 1 and (b)... 

The energy ratio is equal to one for rj = I, which corresponds to the case that ion 2 has the same mass and charge as ion 1. The energy ratio increases when - 11 increases, especially for > > 1. 

Shock Wave Impulse and Energy Ratios vs Reduced Time. U57... 

The cell being developed for low power/energy ratio applications is denoted as... 

Thus, it is natural to express the fissionability of nuclei in terms of a parameter a, that is, this energy ratio, and is called the fissionability parameter. Thus... 

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