Poultry industry

Table 1. Feed Ingredient Usage by the Livestock and Poultry Industry, 1989-1991 10 t...

Formic acid can also be used as an antisalmoneUa additive in animal feeds, for decontamination of feed raw materials, and prevention of flock infection in the poultry industry by treatment of the finished feed. 

Coccidiosis is a proto2oal disease of the intestinal tract of animals that leads to severe loss of productivity and death. The development and widespread use of anticoccidials has revolutionized the poultry industry. The estimated world market for anticoccidial agents in 1989 was 425 million and this was dominated by the polyether ionophore antibiotics monensin, salinomycin [53003-10-4], n imsm [55134-13-9], la.s9locid, and maduramicin [84878-61-5] (26). 

The trend towards larger flock sizes, while often perceived as undesirable from an animal welfare point of view, coincided with more professional practices being introduced into the organic poultry industry, especially with respect to food safety and HACCP based quality assurance systems. However, it did result in a decrease in time spent on individual animals and their welfare. 

The SAFO Poultry Working Group also identified the need to address the following main welfare-related challenges in many parts of the organic poultry industry (Zollitsch, 2003) ... 

Poultry industry, feed ingredient usage by, 10 837t... 

The solution to the assay problem came from the fortunate finding by Mary Schorb, then working in the poultry industry, of a microorganism, Lactobacillus lactis dorner, which required vitamin B]2 for growth. With much quicker and more reliable assays the vitamin was isolated in 1948 in both the Merck and Glaxo laboratories. Its structure was determined by X-ray crystallography by Lenhert and Hodgkin (1961). 

T. Quartly-Watson, The importance of power ultrasormd in cleaning and disinfection in the poultry industry - a case study, Ultrasound in Food Processing,... 

The current uses of tetracyclines in the poultry industry are almost entirely at the higher levels for the control of bacterial disease. This includes both feed additive and drinking water formulations. 

Awkward Anticoccidial drugs are extensively used in the poultry industry to control infection. The polyether ionophores, such as narasin and salinomycin, are the most commonly used coccidiostats in poultry. 

DETAILS - Aflatoxins are the poisonous product of a group of polynuclear molds that grow on peanuts, com and in cottonseed meal. They are responsible for the Turkey X" disease which occasionally devastates the poultry industry. The presence of the mold doesn t always indicate presence of the toxin. Toxin production is dependent on various factors such as moisture and temperature. There are two basic types of aflatoxins, both of which are fluorescent under UV (black) light. Once the mold has been identified, the UVI ight is an excellent way to check for toxin production. Aflatoxin B glows blue, while Aflatoxm G glows... 

Chemical and Bacteriological Methods of American Poultry Industries" Chicago, m., 1956. 

Among the anticoccidials, polyether antibiotics constitute the most widely used agents by the poultry industry over the last two decades. They provide excellent disease control and are refractory to development of resistance (15). 

Aminonitrothiazole and nithiazide are both nitrothiazole derivatives (Fig. 5.7) used against histomoniasis by tlie poultry industry. Aminonitrothiazole is used both therapeutically and prophylactically against blackhead in turkeys treatment is achieved by administering feed medicated with aminonitrothiazole at the level of 0.1% for 14 days, and then reducing tlie level to 0.05% and continue feeding for a further 18 weeks. 

Roxarsone has been used by the poultry industry due primarily to its ability to improve growth, feed conversion, and pigmentation to broilers. At least 50% of the poultry industry has used roxarsone as a growth promoter, although the drug also exhibits anticoccidial activity similar to that of arsanilic acid (3). Roxarsone is not approved for use as anticoccidial in the United States, but it is approved for use in chicken and turkey feeds as a growth promoter. It is added in poultry feeds at a rate of 50 ppm and in swine feeds at 25-37.5 ppm. 

Following the use of fluoroquinolones by the poultry industry, there has been a dramatic rise in the prevalence of the fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter jejuni isolated in poultry muscle and liver, and in infected humans (34). Prior to the use of fluoroquinolones in poultry, no resistant strains were reported in individuals with no previous exposure to these drugs. In the past, some studies based on molecular markers showed a link between human and animal isolates of susceptible Campylobacter. Similar links of fluoroquinolone-resistant strains of Campylobacter jejuni with therapeutic failures in humans have recently been confirmed (34). 

Coccidia are intracellular protazoal parasites that are frequently found in the intestinal epithelial cells of animals they are also found in other tissues (liver), and are usually transmitted by faecal infection. The potential for infection is at its highest when young animals are brought together in intensive housing systems (e.g. poultry-broiler production). As a result coccidiosis is a major issue for the poultry industry throughout the world. 

Sosnicki, A.A. and Wilson, B.W. (1991) Pathology of turkey skeletal muscle implications for the poultry industry. Food structure 10,317-326. 

The organic poultry industry is small at present but is likely to expand in the future due to a strong demand from consumers for organic foods. It is hoped that the information presented in this book will assist that expansion. At present, poultry producers lack advisory aids to assist them in developing successful organic systems. 

---