Potential New Sources

Several additional sources or methods can be considered as possibilities for naval stores production. These include by-products from solvent drying of lumber, conifer foliage extractives from logging slash, and induced lightwood. 

Solvent drying of conifer woods with water-miscible solvents such as acetone, however, remains economically unfavorable because of solvent losses and energy requirements. A limited quantity of perfumery-grade pine needle oil can be obtained from a few Pinus species, but the needle oils from most species too closely resemble turpentines to command the premium prices that would justify the production costs. Although the rosins that could be derived from needles of many pines are essentially similar to the xylem rosins, the needle rosins from other species are of unusual composition. Such rosins could be the source of specialty fine chemicals but would not have any significant impact on rosin as a commodity material. The composition of the resin acids in pine needles may be an important characteristic in chemoteixonomic and genetic studies (18). 

The historic use for turpentine as a solvent in varnishes and paints continues today in some countries - e.g., about 20% of Soviet production is still so used (15). However, most turpentine is now being used as a chemical raw material. Thus, 

For use as a chemical raw material, turpentine is fractionated into its components by distillation. For example, southern U.S. sulfate turpentine is frac- 

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Chlorine DBPs of the polycyclic musks 6-acetyl-1,1,2,4,4,7-hexamethy 1-tetraline (AHTN) and 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta-y-2-benzopyran (HHCB), which are widely used fragrances in cosmetics, daily care products, and cleaning products for household and industry, were investigated by Kuhlich et al. [123]. This study evidenced chlorination of HHCB as a potential new source of HHCB-lactone in the environment, other than biological transformation. 

The younger child and toddler are susceptible to exposure from chemicals in solid food (e.g. pesticides) and air (e.g. particulate matter) and through dermal exposure (e.g. heavy metals in soil). As children are introduced to day care and schools, potential new sources of exposure to certain chemicals (e.g. cleaning agents) may occur. Older children continue to be exposed to chemicals present in... 

In addition, the last fifteen years have seen families of atropisomers based on structures other than biaryls come forward as potential new sources of such structures, and atropisomeric anilides, benzamides and naphthamides have been used as chiral ligands, catalysts, auxiliaries and various starting materials. Indeed, a number of non-biaryl atropisomers have been successfully investigated for DKR. 

Guil-Guerrero, JL, Gracia Maroto, FF and Gimenez Gimenez, A (2001) Fatty acid profiles from forty-nine plant species that are potential new source of y-hnolenic acid. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 78, 677-6M. 

Epoxy fatty acids are used in the production of plastics and coatings. Significant quantities of soy oil are epoxidized yearly using a relatively expensive process. Potential new sources include Vernonia pauciflora and V. anthelmintica oils, with 73 to 80 percent and 68 to 75 percent epoxy acid contents, respectively Euphorbia lagascae with 60 to 70 percent epoxy acid content and Stokes aster Stokesia laevis oil with 75 percent epoxy acid content. ... 

Fatty acids with conjugated unsaturation frequently are desired as chemical intermediates for industrial products. Tung oil is a source of conjugated unsaturation, which also is obtained by alkali isomerization of soybean and linseed fatty acids. Plant oils that have been reviewed as potential new sources of conjugated unsaturation include Valeriana officinalis with 40 percent of its oil in 9, 11, 13 unsaturation Calendula oficinalis oil with 55 percent 8, 10, 12 unsaturation Centranthus macrosiphon oil with 65 percent 9, 11, 13 unsaturation and Impatiens edgeworthii oil... 

Achamlale, S., Rezzonico, B., and Grignon-Dubois, M. (2009) Evaluation of Zostera detritus as a potential new source of zosteric acid./. Appl. Phycol, 21, 347-352. 

The states are required to submit to the federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) plans, known as State Implementation Plans (SIP), showing how they will achieve the standards in their jurisdictions within a specified time period. If after that time period there are areas within the states where these standards have not been attained, the states are required to submit and obtain EPA approval of revised plans to achieve the standards in these "nonattainment" areas. EPA also designates certain areas where the standards are being met, but which have the potential for future nonattainment, as Air Quality Maintenance Areas (AQMA). Such regions have stricter requirements than attainment areas for the granting of permits for new sources of the pollutant not in attainment status. 

The pollutants, source categories, and affected facilities for which the United States has established New Source Performance Standards are listed in Table 25-1. Certain categories listed in Table 25-1 are subject to U.S. Prevention of Significant Deterioration (of air quality) (PSD) review if their emission potential of a regulated pollutant exceeds 100 tons per year. In... 

In computing the potential for emission of a new source or source complex, it is necessary to consider two other source categories, "fugitive" and... 

The Cassia angustifolia GaM possesses the potential to become a new source of commercial gum due to its high content in the endosperm (about 50%) and its valuable rheological properties. It was suggested, in a similar way as for other GaMs, for usage as an additive in pharmaceutical formulations [188, 246]. Also the Ipomoea seed gum in its natural form, and after modification by grafting, has the potential to be used as a commercial gum [178]. 

Hence polysaccharides have been viewed as a potential renewable source of nanosized reinforcement. Being naturally found in a semicrystalline state, aqueous acids can be employed to hydrolyze the amorphous sections of the polymer. As a result the crystalline sections of these polysaccharides are released, resulting in individual monocrystalline nanoparticles [13]. The concept of reinforced polymer materials with polysaccharide nanofillers has known rapid advances leading to development of a new class of materials called Bionanocomposites, which successfully integrates the two concepts of biocomposites and nanometer sized materials. The first part of the chapter deals with the synthesis of polysaccharide nanoparticles and their performance as reinforcing agents in bionanocomposites. 

These compounds were studied as potential single-source precursors. However, although they gave clean deposition routes to powders of II VI materials, their nonvolatility means that thin-film growth by conventional CVD techniques was hampered, although it could be improved using new delivery techniques. 

For the reasons outlined above, outcrops of workable obsidian are relatively few in number and are restricted to areas of geologically recent lava flows. Most sources are therefore reasonably well known, and, because of these constraints, identification of new sources in the eastern Mediterranean region becomes ever more unlikely. This makes the exercise of characterizing archaeological obsidians an attractive proposition, since, unlike potential clay sources for pottery provenance, the existence of completely unknown sources can be (cautiously) ignored. This is, of course, subject to the requirement noted above for more detailed geochemical characterization of existing sources. 

Boatbuilders who use composites have, at most, just one more year before they have to reduce emissions to meet National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESH AP), also known as Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) standards. By 23rd Aug. 2004, most boat manufacturing facilities subject to NESHAP must comply with 40 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 63, Subpart VVW. The deadline applies to existing boat manufacturing facilities that are major sources of hazardous air pollutants (HAPs). Existing sources are those that commenced construction on or before July 14, 2000. ( New sources , those that commenced construction after this date, must comply with emission limits at startup.) Major sources are facilities that have the potential to... 

Because composition and nutritional properties of the major food legumes and oilseeds have been reported in numerous technical journals and books (listed above), the section devoted to composition and chemistry highlights lesser-known but potentially important sources of plant protein that have not received the same attention. Some of these food crops have been cultivated for many years so that they are not "new" sources. Such crops as winged bean, sweet potato, tropical seeds, fruits and leaves, yams and cucurbits are potential sources of protein in areas where they are grown. These are discussed in greater detail in the remaining five chapters. 

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