Ammonia emission

W. A.H. Asman, Ammonia Emission in Europe Updated Emission and Emission Variations, Report... 

ECETOC, Ammonia Emissions for 16 Countries in Europe, European Centre for Eeotoxieology... 

Table 2 Ammonia emission factors from cattle in the UK...

H. S. Eggleston, in Ammonia Emissions in Europe Emission Coefficients and Abatement Costs, Proceedings of a Workshop 4-6 February 1991, ed. G. Klaassen, IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria,... 

Trends in Ammonia Emissions Over Recent Decades... 

V. R. Phillips, Ammonia Emission Inventory for Agriculture in the UK. Final Report, CSA2141/OC9117, Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, North Wyke, Okehampton, UK, 1995. 

Figure 3 Estimated annual ammonia emissions for the UK ineluding both agrieultural and non-agrieultural sourees. (Taken from Sutton et al. ).

Amon B, Kryvoruchko V, Amon T, Zechmeister-Boltenstem S. Methane, nitrous oxide and ammonia emissions during storage and after application of dairy cattle slurry and influence of slurry treatment. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 

Groot Koerkamp P.W.G., Speelman L. and Metz J.H.M. (1998). Litter composition and ammonia emission in aviary houses for laying hens. Part 1 Performance of a litter drying system . Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 70, 375-382. 

Canh T T, Aamink A J A, Verstegen M W A and Schrama J W (1998), Influence of dietary factors on the pH and ammonia emission of slurry from growing-finishing pigs , J Anim Sci, 76, 1123-1130. 

Erisman J W and Monteny G J (1998), Consequences of new scientific findings for future abatement of ammonia emissions , Environ Pollution, 101, 275-282. 

Eklind Y, Sundberg C, Smars S, Steger K, Sundh I, Kirchmann H, Joensson H (2007) Carbon turnover and ammonia emissions during composting of biowaste at different temperatures. J Environ Qual 36 1512-1520... 

Recent publications lead to the conclusion that ammonia contributes to the effects of acid precipitation. The main source of ammonia is animal production and regions with a high animal density are expected to have a high emission of ammonia. Because it is a volatile compound research workers in the field of odour measurement and odour control have the best knowledge and the best tools to study ammonia emissions. A proposal is made for the main goals of a research program. 

In this paper attention is paid to the ammonia emission from slurry as such. There are more and more indications that this emissions cause considerable damage to the environment, being possibly more important than the nuisance of bad smells. 

An important topic of this workshop is Odour measurement . The two cases I described in which ammonia was just an aid in odour measurement are an illustration of the fact that usually ammonia is considered as just one of the volatile compounds in the air from stables, but not as a severe problem. Recent publications have shown that ammonia emissions from stables and from manure are a problem as serious as the odour emissions. 

The main part is deposed in a dry form. This in combination with sulphate. There are discussions between agriculture and industry if ammonia is stimulating the dry deposition of sulphates or that the sulphates increase the deposition of ammonia. The main source of ammonia emissions is animal production. 

As this are ground—level sources the dispersion and deposition is over much shorter distances than the emissions from the industry ejected from high chimneys. Buijsman (5), calculated the ammonia emission in the Netherlands. He estimates the total emission into the atmosphere to be 130000 ton per year of which 110000 tons from animal manure. 

It is well known that animal production in the Netherlands has a high stocking rate. So it is not a surprise that the problems related with high ammonia emissions get much attention in our country. 

One can estimate that there is a fair good correlation between N produced in animal manure and the ammonia emission. As the production of cattle slurry is linked with grassland and in many regions the main part of the manure from pigs and poultry is spread on arable land, there is a risk for underestimating the ammonia emissions from cattle slurry. In table II an estimate is made of the total production of mineral N in animal manure in the Netherlands. 

In this situations we should balance the positive effects of odour control against the negative effects of ammonia emissions. 

The inventory made by Buijsman in the Netherlands should be caracterised as a quite rough estimate. This is demonstrated by the assumptions on which he based his calculations. For instance he neglected the emission from stables for laek of reliable data. If the Government wants to reduce the acid precipitation, there will be paid attention to ammonia. As it is released from ground level sources reduction of ammonia emission has more effect on acid deposition in the region than in the case with S02 and NOx. 

However little is known about the relevant conditions in the stable or the storage pit and in the field. To give good advise to the farmer about his means to reduce ammonia emission this knowledge is necessary. For instance what is the effect of covering the manure pit and what are the losses after landspreading on a frozen field. 

DENMEAD, O.T., SIMPSON, J.R. and FRENEY, J.R. (1977). Direct field measurement of ammonia emission after injection of anhydrous ammonia. Soil Science Society of America Journal 41, 1001-1004. 

KLARENBEEK, J.V., and HARREVELD, A,Pfi, (1985). Odour and ammonia emissions from poultry houses. Report to be published, IMAG, Wageningen. (in dutch)... 

Table 8.5 Estimates of global ammonia emissions (Tg N year ) from different sources...

PROCESSES GOVERNING AMMONIA EMISSIONS FROM RICE... 

Fig. 1 Annual sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxide and ammonia emissions in Switzerland from 1900 to 2010. Dashed lines indicate estimate values Source U]...

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