Potential efficiency

To conclude, the introduction of species-selective membranes into the simulation box results in the osmotic equilibrium between a part of the system containing the products of association and a part in which only a one-component Lennard-Jones fluid is present. The density of the fluid in the nonreactive part of the system is lower than in the reactive part, at osmotic equilibrium. This makes the calculations of the chemical potential efficient. The quahty of the results is similar to those from the grand canonical Monte Carlo simulation. The method is neither restricted to dimerization nor to spherically symmetric associative interactions. Even in the presence of higher-order complexes in large amounts, the proposed approach remains successful. 

An example of the separation of a mixture of explosives on a C8 column is shown in figure 7. The column was 3.3 cm long, 4.6 mm in diameter and packed with 3 pm C8 silica based reverse phase. This short column has a potential efficiency of 5,500 theoretical plates. 

The heterofunctional linking approach, in spite of its potential efficiency, has not been yet explored for the synthesis of //-stars. A reaction procedure is given in Scheme 89. Living PDMS is selective only for Si - Cl groups. The... 

There have been reports suggesting that high yields of oxalate can be obtained on both Hg and stainless steel, particularly at lower potentials. Such reports created a great deal of interest as they provided a potentially efficient synthetic route to C2 chemistry via an abundant and cheap starting material. 

All reduced thiols contain very active SH groups and therefore, are potentially efficient antioxidants. There are numerous endogenous and synthetic thiols, which have already been studied and applied as antioxidative drugs and food supplements, but the most important antioxidant thiols are undoubtedly lipoic acid and glutathione. 

Chiral LA are rarely used in the constmction of chiral six-membered cyclic nitronates by the Diels-Alder reaction of olehns with a-nitoralkenes (96, 158), in spite of the potential efficiency of the process. Apparently, this is associated with the absence of known common features of the process and, as a consequence, with the necessity to perform special investigations for optimization in each particular case. 

Prince, R.C., Kheshgi, H.S. 2005. The photobiological production of hydrogen potential efficiency and effectiveness as a renewable fuel. Crit Rev Microbiol 31 19-31. 

The first step in the characterization of a new super-paramagnetic colloid is obviously the evaluation of its relaxometric properties, which determine its potential efficiency for MRI (27,28). Relating these valuable relaxometric data to morphological and physical properties of the particles may be carried out thanks to a proton relaxivity theory. 

Higher gross profits than 10% need a higher potential efficiency to become attractive for implementing Chemical Leasing from the producer s point of view. In case of gross profits of 30% a minimum efficiency rate of 20% is needed to reach approximately the same added-value like in scenario 1. 

The / -scission of the tertiary radical IX so produced provides another, potentially efficient, method of causing main-chain scission in the polymeric solid phase. Similar high quantum yields for the Norrish type I process were... 

S)-ibuprofen (44b Ar = 4-isobutylphenyl), (S)-naproxen (44c Ar = 6-MeO-naphthyl), and (S)-suprofen (44d Ar = 4-(2-thienylcarbonyl)phenyl) (Eq. 7.11) (10]. Thus, the asymmetric hydroformylation of vinylarenes discussed above provides potentially efficient route to these drags. 

A screening of the virtual combinatorial library was performed in several steps. As potential extractants must be insoluble in the water phase, the ISIDA-Log S module incorporating QSPR models for aqueous solubilities (log S)95 has been used for filtering the library. Thus, the compounds for which log S < -3 were considered insoluble in water other compounds were excluded. A subset containing 9,306 potentially insoluble molecules has been screened using the structure-log D models. The main goal of screening was the selection of potentially efficient extractants. However, in... 

The surfactant system AOT/TWEEN 80 removed 99.4% of residual hexadecane from glass beads in 4.7 pore volumes with a total of 49.6% recovered as free phase, 31.1% recovered as micellarly solubilized, and 18.7% recovered as microemulsified in the middle phase. These results demonstrate the potential efficiency of supersolubilization (i.e., enhanced solubilization as the type I-III boundary is approached), and mobilization (even if just into the type III system but not yet optimal) in expediting extraction of hydrophobic NAPLs. 

The steam electrolysis at high temperature (600-800°C) features a potential efficiency of -100% LHV with extra heat available. Its technology benefits from current developments made of solid oxide fuel cells. However, many uncertainties and issues remain to achieve a commercial viability. Prominent issues include improving the reliability and the lifetime of electrolytic cells and stack of cells and decreasing the investment and operating costs with a view to decreasing the currently estimated production cost from 4 to about EUR 2/kg H2 [from 5.2 to about USD 2.6/kg H2],... 

CEA quickly selected reactive distillation as its reference process for the iodine section (Goldstein, 2005), because of its simplicity and potential efficiency. In reactive distillation, iodine stripping from the HI/I2/H20 mixture produced by the Bunsen section is performed in the same column as HI gas phase decomposition, taking advantage of iodine condensation into the liquid phase to displace the thermodynamically limited decomposition equilibrium. 

The CuCl cycle is a hybrid thermochemical cycle to produce hydrogen using both electricity and heat to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. Already described in the early 70s, it has recently been revisited because of its low maximal temperature and its high potential efficiency. Furthermore, raw materials are cheap, which allows a drastic diminution of constraints for industrial deployment. 

In an effort to explore this aspect further, a paper written by Gyftopoulos and Benedict concerning the maximum potential efficiency of an air separation plant provided some insight (4 ). Compressed air is separated by cryogenic distillation into oxygen and nitrogen. In a unique approach, the authors developed an idealized process wherein all thermodynamic inefficiencies which could be corrected by capital investment were eliminated. The losses in the distillation tower were not much affected by this approach. Their thermodynamic analysis for the practical and idealized processes are compared in Figure 7. 

This term embraces a wide class of potentially efficient techniques combining chemical reaction and separation in a catalytic reactor. If the reaction products are able to be adsorbed on the catalyst to different extents and for different lengths of time, these products can be separated from each other. This feature of catalytic processes can be used for enhancement of the reaction rate or selectivity, or for improvement of the quality of a desirable product. The process can be arranged in various ways, e.g. as a system with a fixed catalyst bed operated with periodic changes of the inlet composition or as various types of reactors with moving beds. To improve the separation, a mixture of catalyst and adsorbent can be loaded in the fixed bed reactor, or adsorbent can be fed into the reactor. 

The vacuum drying methods take advantage of the greater vapor pressure of water in the liquid phase in contrast to the lower vapor pressure of ice or water at its melting point (4) vapor pressure of H20 at 0°C = 4.6 mm vapor pressure of H20 at 4.4°C = 6.3 mm (potential efficiency increase of 37%) vapor pressure of H20 at 10°C = 9.2 mm (potential efficiency increase of 100% ). 

The sequence of reactions (31)—(33), illustrated in Fig. 35a for triplet ET occurring from the locally excited triplet acceptor, constitutes a potentially efficient... 

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