Potassium straight-chain

Waxes are esters of fatty acids with long chain primary alcohols (Figure 12.2). The fatty acid is usually straight chain which may be saturated or mono-unsat-urated although occasionally branched chain or hydroxy acids are found. They are extremely non-polar compounds and are relatively inert chemically but they can be hydrolysed using a strong alkali, such as potassium hydroxide, a process called saponification. 

The first rearrangement involving an acetylenic compound was reported by Favorskii133 as early as 1887. He found that when 1-butyne and higher-molecular-weight straight-chain 1-alkynes are heated with an alcoholic solution of potassium hydroxide, they are isomerized to 2-alkynes ... 

Saturated straight-chain fatty-acid soaps (1). Figure 1 shows the effects of increasing levels of various potassium saturated straight-chain fatty-acid soaps upon the mechanical stability of natural rubber latex. For convenience of making comparisons between the various soaps, the levels of added soap are expressed as moles per 100 g. of latex solids. 

Figure 1. Effect of added straight-chain potassium fatty-acid soaps upon mechanical stability of natural rubber latex (1). Numbers appended to curves are number of carbon atoms in alkyl chain of soap.

Figure 3. Effect of various straight-chain potassium C18 carboxylate soaps upon mechanical stability of natural rubber latex (2) (KCt8) potassium stearate (KC18) potassium oleate (KC18") potassium elaidate (KC18Z) potassium linoleate (KC=ZZ) potassium linolenate (KC1H12(oli)) potassium 12-hydroxy stearate ...

Potassium Polymetaphosphate occurs as a white powder. It is a straight-chain polyphosphate having a high degree of polymerization. It is insoluble in water, but is soluble in dilute solutions of sodium salts. 

Sorbic acid is a straight-chain, trans-trans unsaturated fatty acid, 2,4-hexadienoic acid. As an acid, it has low solubility (0.15 g/100 mL) in water at room temperature. The salts, sodium, or potassium are more soluble in water. Sorbates are stable in the dry form they are unstable in aqueous solutions because they decompose through oxidation. The rate of oxidation is increased at low pH, by increased temperature, and by light exposure. 

Fig. 13.4 a, b. The straight chain and bent chain conformations of the gluconate ions as they appear in the A (a) and B (b) forms of potassium D-gluconate monohydrate [KDGLUM01 KGDLUM02]... 

Laine (43-47) used potassium hydroxide to promote the catalytic activity of [Ru3(CO),2] and [H4Ru4(CO),2] for the hydroformylation of pent-1-ene. Under 64 bar of CO pressure, at 135 or 150°C, high selectivities for straight-chain aldehydes were obtained, for example, 97%. As the subsequent reduction of aldehydes to alcohols is lower, important aldol condensations occurred owing to the presence of a base in solution. Analysis of the reaction mixtures has shown that the anionic [H3Ru4(CO),2] cluster is likely to be the active species. Since this complex was recognized as the major component of the low pressure ruthenium-catalyzed water gas shift... 

Chemical Oxygen Demand. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) test measures the oxygen equivalent of the organic matter in a sample that is susceptible to oxidation by a strong oxidant (20). The sample is refluxed with a known amount of potassium dichromate in sulfuric acid for 2 hs. Silver sulfate is added to catalyze the oxidation of straight-chain compounds, and mercuric sulfate is added to the sample prior to refluxing to react with chloride ion and prevent its oxidation. The amount of unreacted dichromate is then titrated with standard ferrous ammonium sulfate. 

Potassium permanganate Potassium permanganate is mainly used to destroy phenolic componnds in indnstrial wastewater. It reacts by cleaving the aromatic ring structure of phenol to produce a straight chain aliphatic molecule. The aliphatic is then further oxidized to carbon dioxide and water. The initial reaction takes place almost immediately, and almost 90% of the phenol is oxidized in the first 10 min. A retention time from one to three hours is sufficient to insure complete oxidation of the phenol. The process is affected by pH the higher the pH (up to 9.5), the faster is the reaction time. 

The reaction of chloro(methoxy)methyl tolyl sulfone with a base generates methoxy(4-tosyl)-carbene (carbenoid) which adds to 1,2-dimethoxyethene, straight chain and cyclic enol ethers or arylethenes to give 1-methoxy-l-tosylcyclopropanes. Concentrated (50%) aqueous potassium hydroxide with a catalytic quantity of 18-crown-6 or, in one case, butyllithium, was used as the base (see Houben-Weyl, Vol. El9b, pp 1730-1734). 

Sodium and Potassium Salts of Straight-Chain Fatty Acids, RCOO M+ (Soaps)... 

The most effective additives for increasing the stability of the foam produced by surfactant solutions appear to be long-chain, often water-insoluble, polar compounds with straight-chain hydrocarbon groups of approximately the same length as the hydrophobic group of the surfactant. Examples are lauryl alcohol for use with sodium dodecyl sulfate, Af,/V-bis(hydroxyethyl) lauramide for use with dodecylbenzenesulfonate, lauric acid for use with potassium laurate, and N,N-dimethyldodecylamine oxide for use with dodecylbenzenesulfonate and other anionics. 

Simple straight-chain alkyl esters of lower aliphatic carboxylic acids are usually hydrolysed by boiling them for 0.5-2 hours in 25% sodium hydroxide solution. For water-insoluble esters it is preferable to use alcoholic alkali so as to obtain a homogeneous mixture. For high-boiling esters solutions of potassium hydroxide in diethylene glycol can be used to advantage.53 The... 

Aldehydes react in accordance with the preceding scheme only if branched at the -position. According to Rapson et al.133, benzaldehyde reacts with an aqueous-alcoholic solution of chloroform containing sodium hydroxide. Straight-chain aliphatic and nitrated aromatic aldehydes react with chloroform in an anhydrous mixture of tetrahydrofuran and tert-butyl alcohol containing potassium ter/-butoxide at 0° to —20°, yields being good.134... 

Palmitic acid and stearic acid are colorless, wax-like substances, which melt at 63° and 69°, respectively. They are insoluble in water, but dissolve in organic solvents. The sodium and potassium salts of the acids are soluble in water, while those of calcium, magnesium, and the heavy metals are insoluble. Both acids have the normal structure, that is, the alkyl radicals which they contain, C15H31, and C17H3B, respectively, consist of carbon atoms united in a straight chain. 

In 1849, Kolbe found that electrolysis of potassium acetate generated carbon dioxide (CO2) and ethane, presumably via an acetoxy radical (107). The methyl radical ( CH3) generated from potassium acetate coupled to give ethane. The reaction works very well with long, straight chain alkanoic acids. This reaction is... 

There is also ambiguity concerning the polyphosphorus species formed when (PhP)s is treated with alkali metals in THF solution, but new P n.m.r. data are providing information showing complex dependence on both the metal and the temperature.With potassium, the product is K2(PhP)4, but the data rule out a conventional straight-chain structure and suggest one containing a chelated potassium ion (7). While a similar structure appears to be probable for the disodium compound, the data for Li2(PhP)4 point to an acyclic structure. Similarly, linear structures now seem probable for the M2(PhP)3 species rather than the cyclic dianions considered previously. 

Monovalent and polyvalent alkyl carboxylates are respectively called "soap" and "metallic soap." The straight chain of the fatty acids varies from C12 to C20. Higher members are too hydrophobic to be used and lower members have little surfactant value. Stearic acid soaps are doubtless the most widely utilized emulsifiers in oil-in-waier emulsions. Unsaturated fatty acid soaps such as oleate produce fluid emulsions (IS). The most common associated cations are sodium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, ammonium, and triethanolamine. Monovalent salts of carboxylic acids are generally used to produce oil-in-water emulsions. 

Potassium metaphosphate CAS 7790-53-6 EINECS/ELINCS 232-212-6 Synonyms Metaphosphoric acid potassium salt Monopotassium metaphosphate Potassium Kurrol s salt Potassium polymetaphosphate Classification Mineral salt Definition Straight-chain polyphosphate Empirical KO3P Formula KPO3... 

Another method for reduction proceeds under basic conditions and treats 50 with hydrazine (NH2NH2) and potassium hydroxide (KOH). An aqueous workup produces 105. This is called the Wolff-Kishner reduction (mentioned in Chapter 19, Section 19.4.1). By using either the Clemmensen or the Wolff-Kishner procedure, straight-chain arenes such as 105 can be produced in a two-step procedure Friedel-Crafts acylation followed by reduction. Indeed, this two-step procedure is usually the preferred route to synthesize straight-chain arenes. 

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