Carbon dioxide generator

The combustion. The tap T2 is closed, T3 opened and the reservoir J raised (Fig. 87), to make sure that no air has been collected at the top of the nitrometer tube a small quantity of potash is left in H when tap T3 is closed and the reservoir J then lowered again. The carbon dioxide generator is switched off and tap T2 slowly turned on until it is fully opened. 

The tap T2 is now closed. The furnace is switched off and the carbon dioxide generator left on until the combustion tube is cold this ensures that the reduced copper spiral, by cooling in carbon dioxide, is main tained in the reduced state. (Despite this precaution it does become spent and should be replaced from time to time. A spent copper spiral leads to high results, but before this takes place there is usually suffici-... 

An alternative pretreatment for seawater is acidification of the bicarbonate followed by degasification to remove the carbon dioxide generated. The precipitation step for the seawater process is given by (76) ... 

Carbon dioxide generated by the fermentation process must be removed to help maintain the pH of the solution at pH 7.6—8.0. Carbon dioxide also inhibits the activity of the bacteria. The oxidation reduction potential is kept at 100—200 mV. The ideal temperature in the reactor varies with different strains in the bacteria but generally is 25—35°C. 

The poor efficiencies of coal-fired power plants in 1896 (2.6 percent on average compared with over forty percent one hundred years later) prompted W. W. Jacques to invent the high temperature (500°C to 600°C [900°F to 1100°F]) fuel cell, and then build a lOO-cell battery to produce electricity from coal combustion. The battery operated intermittently for six months, but with diminishing performance, the carbon dioxide generated and present in the air reacted with and consumed its molten potassium hydroxide electrolyte. In 1910, E. Bauer substituted molten salts (e.g., carbonates, silicates, and borates) and used molten silver as the oxygen electrode. Numerous molten salt batteiy systems have since evolved to handle peak loads in electric power plants, and for electric vehicle propulsion. Of particular note is the sodium and nickel chloride couple in a molten chloroalumi-nate salt electrolyte for electric vehicle propulsion. One special feature is the use of a semi-permeable aluminum oxide ceramic separator to prevent lithium ions from diffusing to the sodium electrode, but still allow the opposing flow of sodium ions. 

Mass of carbon dioxide generated is equal to mass of C02 at the outlet stream. C02 out = C02 generated = 0.0126/J... 

Grade AA — Synthetic, 99.85% by wt (hydrogen-carbon dioxide generation use Grade C — Wood alcohol (denaturing grade)... 

The carbon dioxide generated by the personnel in the artificial atmosphere of submarines and spacecraft must be removed from the air and the oxygen recovered. Submarine design teams have investigated the use of potassium superoxide, K02, as an air purifier because this compound reacts with carbon dioxide and releases oxygen (Fig. 4.16) ... 

Figure 6-9. The Bohr effect. Carbon dioxide generated in peripheral tissues combines with water to form carbonic acid, which dissociates into protons and bicarbonate ions. Deoxyhemoglobin acts as a buffer by binding protons and delivering them to the lungs. In the lungs, the uptake of oxygen by hemoglobin releases protons that combine with bicarbonate ion, forming carbonic acid, which when dehydrated by carbonic anhydrase becomes carbon dioxide, which then is exhaled.

In this method the sample is acidified and the inorganic carbon is removed with nitrogen. An aliquot is resampled for analyses. Buffered persulfate is added and the sample is irradiated in the ultraviolet destructor for about 9 min. The hydroxylamine is added and the sample stream passes into the dialysis system. The carbon dioxide generated diffuses through the gas-permeable silicon membrane. A weakly buffered phenolphthalein indicator solution is used as the recipent stream, and the colour intensity of this solution decreases proportionately to the change in pH caused by the absorbed carbon dioxide... 

The various combustion methods differ primarily in the method of measuring the carbon dioxide generated from the organic carbon. The first really sensitive carbon dioxide detector and the one still most used is the non-dispersive infrared gas analyser. The detecting element senses the difference in absorption of infrared energy between a standard cell filled with a gas with no absorption in the infrared, and a sample cell. Water vapour is the only serious interference, hence the carbon dioxide must be dried before any measurements are made. 

Chance Also called Chance-Claus. A process for recovering sulfur from the calcium sulfide residues from the Leblanc process. Treatment of a suspension of the residues with carbon dioxide generates hydrogen sulfide, which is converted to sulfur dioxide by the Claus proces. The sulfur dioxide is converted to sulfuric acid. Developed by A. M. and J. F. Chance 1882 to 1887 and widely used until the Leblanc process was superseded by the Solvay process. 

The carbon dioxide generated by Equation (6.19) generally remains in solution as carbonic acid, although the rainwater can look a little cloudy because minute bubbles form. 

Today s automobiles may be up to 96% less polluting than cars 35 years ago but automobiles still produce a quarter of the carbon dioxide generated annually in the United States. 

The following describes the process of mannre and straw mixtnre digestion. For the first 3 days, the methane yield is almost 0% and carbon dioxide generation is roughly 100%. In this period, digestion occius as aerobic fermentation to carbon... 

Human carbonic anhydrase II, found primarily in the erythrocyte, is the prototypical member of the family of carbonic anhydrases and has been extensively reviewed (Pocker and Sarkanen, 1978 Lindskog, 1983, 1986 Silverman and Lindskog, 1988). Within the erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase II hydrates CO2 to form bicarbonate ion plus a proton via tandem chemical processes (Silverman and Lindskog, 1988) (Scheme 2). Most of the carbon dioxide generated during the process of respiration requires this carbonic anhydrase Il-catalyzed event for transport out of the cell. The resultant protons of CO2 hydration are taken up by His-146)8, His-122a, and the amino terminus of the a subunits of the hemoglobin tetramer. As a reference. Scheme 3 outlines the interconversions... 

Fill the retort B with dry carbon dioxide, generated in F and dried by sulfuric acid in G, and then place in it 20 g. of white phosphorus, cut into small pieces under water and dried piece by piece on filter paper. Continue the current of carbon dioxide until the phosphorus is entirely dry, then add sufficient carbon disulfide to dissolve the phosphorus (about 20 cc.). Cool the retort in running water and add 34 g. of iodine gradually in small quantities and with thorough shaking after each addition. 

The carbon dioxide generated by the personnel in the artificial atmosphere of submarines and spacecrafts must be removed from the air and the oxygen... 

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