Polyvinyl ether plastic

Igevin, n, a polyvinyl ether plastic. T. N. Ignatiusbohne, /. St.-Ignatius s-bean. 

Glasses exist that fnnction as selective electrodes for many different monovalent and some divalent cations. Alternatively, a hydrophobic membrane can be made semiper-meable if a hydrophobic molecnle called an ionophore that selectively binds an ion is dissolved in it. The selectivity of the membrane is determined by the structnre of the ionophore. Some ionophores are natnral products, such as gramicidin, which is highly specific for K+, whereas others such as crown ethers and cryptands are synthetic. Ions such as, 1, Br, and N03 can be detected using quaternary ammonium cationic surfactants as a lipid-soluble counterion. ISEs are generally sensitive in the 10 to 10 M range, but are not perfectly selective. The most typical membrane material used in ISEs is polyvinyl chloride plasticized with dialkylsebacate or other hydrophobic chemicals. 

This type of plasticization is important and several groups of polymers have been suggested for this method polymer hydrocarbons polymer halogen-containing hydrocarbons polymers containing ester groups polyvinyl ethers and acetals, and some other polymers of different constitution. 

The good solubility of the polyvinyl ethers in polar and nonpclar solvents was useful for the combination with nitrocellulose, whereby the water solubility of the polyvinylmethyl ether has no influence. Polyvinyl ethers have low compatibility with many polymers and therefore are mostly combined with other compatible plasticizers. As they are nontoxic they can be used in food packaging. 

Acetylcholineesterase Miniaturized multichannel transduc-tor with planar Au electrode which was first covered with a choline-selective liquid membrane made from 66% PVC-polyvinyl acetate (PVA), 33% 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether plasticizer and 1% ion-pair choline phosphotungstate. A second layer of 2% AChE in the PVA-polyethylene dispersion was spread on the top. The electrode was used as working electrode versus Ag/AgCl for potentiometric measurement of Ch and ACh in 0.1 M Tris buffer at 7.4. Optimum pH range for the sensor was 7-9. The calibration graph was linear from 0.02-10 mm ACh and detection limit was 5 pM. Response time was 3-5 min. Sensor was suitable for determination of ACh in biological fluids. [86]... 

The phenoxy resins can also be plasticized with many of the common plasticizers and still maintain a high percentage of strength, while the bonding temperature is substantially reduced. An effective hot-melt adhesive is one in which polyvinyl ether is blended into the phenoxy resin. 

Attempts have been made over time to improve the physical properties of novolacs. The use of phenol formaldehyde resins prepared in alkaline medium in photoresist compositions is mentioned in a Kalle Co. AG patent. The use of polyvinyl ethers in combination with novolacs to impart stickiness and plasticization action to the latter was patented by Christensen. Steinhoff, Isaacson, and Roelants of the Shipley Company mention the use of vinyl ethers in a patent on roller coating. Lower alkyl polyvinyl ethers, such as methyl, ethyl, butyl, and isobutyl, are added to novolac resins to improve coating flexibility and adhesion to metal surfaces as well as to improve resistance to mildly alkaline solutions. The use of styrene, methyl styrene, and styrene-maleic anhydride copolymers in combination with novolac was mentioned in several patents of both Shipley and Kalle Co. AG. When novolac is copolymerized with maleic anhydride, a resin that is readily soluble in alkaline solutions is obtained. ... 

Glycol ricinoleate Meroxapol 105 Meroxapol 252 Meroxapol 254 Meroxapol 258 PEG-3 dicaprylate/caprate Triaryl phosphate plasticizer, latex coatings Diethylene glycol dibenzoate plasticizer, latex modification Polyvinyl methyl ether plasticizer, leather Acetamide Methyl cocoate Methyl hydroxyethylcellulose Methyl tallowate PEG-8 cocoate... 

Acetylated hydrogenated lard glyceride plasticizer, textile back coatings Triaryl phosphate plasticizer, textile coatings Diphenyl octyl phosphate plasticizer, textile finishes Polyvinyl methyl ether plasticizer, textile finishing Oleyl alcohol... 

Uses Solvent for nitrocellulose, ethyl cellulose, polyvinyl butyral, rosin, shellac, manila resin, dyes fuel for utility plants home heating oil extender preparation of methyl esters, formaldehyde, methacrylates, methylamines, dimethyl terephthalate, polyformaldehydes methyl halides, ethylene glycol in gasoline and diesel oil antifreezes octane booster in gasoline source of hydrocarbon for fuel cells extractant for animal and vegetable oils denaturant for ethanol in formaldehyde solutions to inhibit polymerization softening agent for certain plastics dehydrator for natural gas intermediate in production of methyl terLbutyl ether. 

Abbreviations for plastics ABS, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene CPVC, chlorinated poly vinyl chloride ECTFE, ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene ETFE, ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene PB, polybutylene PE, polyethylene PEEK, poly ether ether ketone PFA, perfluoroalkoxy copolymer POP, poly phenylene oxide PP, polypropylene PVC, polyvinyl chloride PVDC, poly vinylidene chloride PVDF, poly vinylidene fluoride. 

Several flexible polymers, such as natural rubber (NR) synthetic rubber (SR) polyalkyl acrylates copolymers of acrylonitrile, butadiene, and styrene, (ABS) and polyvinyl alkyl ethers, have been used to improve the impact resistance of PS and PVC. PS and copolymers of ethylene and propylene have been used to increase the ductility of polyphenylene oxide (PPO) and nylon 66, respectively. The mechanical properties of several other engineering plastics have been improved by blending them with thermoplastics. 

Standard Oil Co. claims the use of polyisobutylene as a plasticizer for polyvinyl acetate. Copolymers of isobutylene with vinyl ethers and other monomers are mentioned in several patents. For synthetic rubbers, oligomers of butadiene are claimed. Rubberlike polyolefins (10 to 50% is sufficient) are used extensively for plasticizing phenolic resins to increase impact strength. 

Carboxylic acids often have been identified by means of paper chromatography Clarke and Bazill (10) have extracted plasticizers from polyvinyl chloride first with ether and then with methanol. Subsequently the extracts were saponified with alcoholic potassium hydroxide, and the precipitated potassium salts were isolated and converted into free acids. These, in alcoholic solution, were then applied to paper and chromatographed ascendingly with a mixture of butanol, pyridine, water, and ammonia the migration period was about six hours. A number of additional color tests facilitated identification of unknown acids. 

Among the emerging pollutants of industrial origin, Bisphenol A [2,2 bis(4-hydroxydiphenyl)pro-pane] (BPA) has special relevance since it was one of the first chemicals discovered to mimic estrogens as endocrine disrupters.147 This compound was first reported by Dianin in 1891.1411 BPA is produced in large quantities worldwide, mainly for the preparation of polycarbonates, epoxy resins, and unsaturated polyester-styrene resins.149 The final products are used in many ways, such as coatings on cans, powder paints, additives in thermal paper, in dental composite fillings, and even as antioxidants in plasticizers or polymerization inhibitors in polyvinyl chloride (PVC). To a minor extent, BPA is also used as precursor for flame retardants such as tetrabromobisphenol A or tetrabromobisphenol-S-bis(2,3-dibromopropyl) ether.150 This substance can enter the environment... 

The family of FPs, also called fluorocarbon plastics, is based on polymers made of monomers composed of fluorine and carbon may also include chlorine atoms in their structure. Specific types include polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polytetrafluoroethylene-cohexafluoro-propylene or fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), polytrafluoroethylene-coperfluoropropylvinyl ether (PFA), ethylenetetrafluoroethylene (ETFE). polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE), ethylene-chlorotri-fluoroethylene (ECTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyvinyl fluoride (PVF), perfluoromethylvinylether (PFMV), perfluoroalkoxy (PFA), etc. 

ACIDO METACRILICO (Spanish) (79-41-4) Combustible liquid (flash point 152°F/ 67°C oc). A reducing agent. Violent reaction with oxidizers, strong acids, alkalis. Unless inhibited (100 ppm of the monomethyl ether of hydroquinone is recommended), can polymerize violently. Polymerization can be caused by elevated temperatures, peroxides, sunlight, or hydrochloric acid. Incompatible with ammonia, amines, isocyanates, alkylene oxides, epichlorohydrin. Attacks metals, natural rubber, neoprene, nitrile, and some plastics including PVC and polyvinyl alcohol. The uninhibited monomer vapor may block vents and confined spaces by forming a solid polymer material. 

ETHER CYANIDE (107-12-0) Forms explosive mixture with air (flash point 36°F/2°C). Reacts with water, steam, or acid, producing hydrogen cyanide fumes. Reacts violently with oxidizers, reducing agents, strong acids, caustic materials. Incompatible with A-bromo-succinimide, sodium nitrate. Attacks most rubbers and plastics, but polyvinyl alcohol has high resistance to permeation. 

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