Polysulfates

Pentosan polysulfate Inhibits heparin-binding growth factors... 

The sulfur-rich oxides S 0 and S 02 belong to the group of so-called lower oxides of sulfur named after the low oxidation state of the sulfur atom(s) compared to the best known oxide SO2 in which the sulfur is in the oxidation state +4. Sulfur monoxide SO is also a member of this class but is not subject of this review. The blue-green material of composition S2O3 described in the older literature has long been shown to be a mixture of salts with the cations S4 and Ss and polysulfate anions rather than a sulfur oxide [1,2]. Reliable reviews on the complex chemistry of the lower sulfur oxides have been published before [1, 3-6]. The present review deals with those sulfur oxides which contain at least one sulfur-sulfur bond and not more than two oxygen atoms. These species are important intermediates in a number of redox reactions of elemental sulfur and other sulfur compounds. 

Among other polyions Meyerhoff s group demonstrated successful detection of pentosan polysulfate (PPS) [45], an anti-osteoarthritis drug, in plasma and polyanions with high phosphate content, including polyphosphates and nucleic acids in saline solutions [46],... 

N. Durust and M.E. Meyerhoff, Determination of pentosan polysulfate and its binding to polycationic species using polyion-sensitive membrane electrodes. Arm Chim. Acta 432, 253-260 (2001). 

Specihc poly anions such as dextran sulfate (DS) appear to exhibit strong anti-HIV activity in vitro [36,37]. Human oral administration of DS is poorly absorbed, but intravaneous administration does result in increased plasma lipolytic activity [38]. Poly anions that have been considered for intravaginal anti-HIV activity include DS, carrageenan, heparin, heparan sulfate, dermatan sulfate, pentosan polysulfate, fucoidan chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, and PAVAS [21,22,39,40],... 

This enzyme [EC 3.1.6.7] catalyzes the hydrolysis of the 2- and 3-sulfate groups of the polysulfates of cellulose and charonm. 

Fig. 3 Structures of acharan sulfate, dextran sulfate, suramin, pentosan polysulfate, and phosphomannopentaose sulfate (PI-88). Representative saccharide units comprising each of these polymers are shown, where n is the degree of polymerization.

Pentosan polysulfate (1 —> 4)-/3-linked xylan oligosaccharide that is branched in the center with a single /3-(l — 2)-4-O-methyl-ct-D-glucuronate residue... 

Recently, several new GAGs have been investigated as chiral selectors Dermatan sulfate has been successfully demonstrated to act as an enantiomeric selector for a variety of basic drugs, such as /3-sympatho-mimetics, /3-blockers, and antihypertensives (82). More recently, pentosan polysulfate was also investigated as a chiral selector for tryptophan derivatives and several drugs (83). 

SM Swain, B Parker, A Wellstein, ME Lippman, C Steakley, R Delap. Phase I trial of pentosan polysulfate. Invest New Drugs 13 55—62, 1995. 

M Degenhardt, P Ghosh, H Watzig. Studies on the structural variation of pentosan polysulfate sodium (NaPPS) from different sources by capillary electrophoresis. Archiv der Pharmazie 334 27-29, 2001. 

MG Waters, JF Suleskey, LJ Finkelstein, ME Van Overbeke, VJ Zizza, M Stommel. Interstitial cystitis a retrospective analysis of treatment with pentosan polysulfate and follow-up patient survey. J Am Osteo Assoc 100 S13-S18, 2000. 

X Wang, JT Lee, DW Armstrong. Separation of enantiomers by capillary electrophoresis using pentosan polysulfate. Electrophoresis 20 162-170, 1999. 

Pentosan Polysulfate Sodium (Elmiron) [Urinary Analgesic]... 

Contraindications Hypersensitivity to pentosan polysulfate sodium or structurally related compounds... 

Hyoscyamine, Atropine, Scopolamine, Phenobarbital (Donnatal, Others) Methenamine (Hiprex, Urex, others) Nitrofurantoin (Macrodantin, Furadantin, Macrobid) Oxybutynin (Ditropan, Ditropan XL) Oxybutynin Transdermal System (Oxytrol) Pentosan Polysulfate (Elmiron) Phenazopyridine (Pyridium, others) Potassium Citrate (Urocit-K)... 

Reaction of cyclic sulfates with intramolecular O-nucleophiles leads to cyclic ethers and other heterocycles (Table 1). For example, a hydrolysis of compound 39 has produced predominantly the cyclic alcohols 41 (Scheme 4) < 1995JA12873 >. When the reaction was buffered with pyridine, the sulfate ester 40 was isolated rather than the free alcohol. An alcohol function in an intermediate product may give a route to a polysulfate cascade cyclization, which has been successfully realized in the synthesis of poly(tetrahydrofurans) (Table 1) <1995JA12873>. 

A disaccharide is added to a pyridine S03 complex solution, which is prepared by reacting 5 to 6 times the molar amount of liquid S03 as much as that of disaccharide with 5 to 10 times the amount of pyridine as that of the disaccharide at 0°C to 5°C, for sulfation at 50°C to 70°C for 3 to 7 hours. After the completion of sulfation, the greater part of pyridine is removed by decantation. The obtained solution exhibits an acidity that is so strong that it is improper to apply the reaction with aluminum ion and, therefore, sodium hydroxide is added for neutralization. After the remaining pyridine is removed by concentration, 100 unit volumes of water per unit volume of the residue is added thereto. To the solution is then added aluminum ion solution mainly containing aluminum dihydroxychloride, the pH of which is 1.0 to 1.2, in such an amount that the aluminum ion is present in an amount of 4 to 6 molar parts of the amount of disaccharide to provide a pH of 4 to 4.5. The mixture is reacted under stirring at room temperature and the formed disaccharide polysulfate-aluminum compound is allowed to precipitate. After filtration, the residue is washed with water and dried. 

A. Baici, P. Salgam, K. Fehr, and A. BonL Inhibition from polymorphonuclear leucocytes by gold sodium thiomalate and pentoaaiie polysulfate (SPL54). Blochem. Pharmacol 50 703 (1981). 

Abstract The inhibitory action of polyanionic substances on virus replication was reported more than 50 years ago. Seaweeds, marine invertebrates, and higher plants represent abundant sources of novel compounds of proved antiviral activity. Natural sulfated polysaccharides (SPs) are potent in vitro inhibitors of a wide variety of enveloped viruses, such as herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), dengue virus (DENV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and influenza A virus. Several polysulfate compounds have the potential to inhibit virus replication by blocking the virion binding to the host cell. In contrast, their in vivo efficacy in animal and human systemic infections has undesirable draw-... 

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