Polysaccharides carbohydrate-based

Vilela-Silva, A. C, Hirohashi, N., and Mourao, P. A. (2008). The structure of sulfated polysaccharides ensures a carbohydrate-based mechanism for species recognition during sea urchin fertilization. Int. ]. Dev. Biol. 52,551-559. 

Abstract Carbohydrates have been investigated and developed as delivery vehicles for shuttling nucleic acids into cells. In this review, we present the state of the art in carbohydrate-based polymeric vehicles for nucleic acid delivery, with the focus on the recent successes in preclinical models, both in vitro and in vivo. Polymeric scaffolds based on the natural polysaccharides chitosan, hyaluronan, pullulan, dextran, and schizophyllan each have unique properties and potential for modification, and these results are discussed with the focus on facile synthetic routes and favorable performance in biological systems. Many of these carbohydrates have been used to develop alternative types of biomaterials for nucleic acid delivery to typical polyplexes, and these novel materials are discussed. Also presented are polymeric vehicles that incorporate copolymerized carbohydrates into polymer backbones based on polyethylenimine and polylysine and their effect on transfection and biocompatibility. Unique scaffolds, such as clusters and polymers based on cyclodextrin (CD), are also discussed, with the focus on recent successes in vivo and in the clinic. These results are presented with the emphasis on the role of carbohydrate and charge on transfection. Use of carbohydrates as molecular recognition ligands for cell-type specific dehvery is also briefly... 

S. -I. Nishimura Rational design and synthesis of carbohydrate-based drugs S. Perez The exquisite complexity of plant cell wall polysaccharides... 

Larvae of many species of corals are induced to metamorphose by a carbohydrate-based cue from algal cell walls, in particular those of crustose coralline algae.142143 The inducer is apparently conserved across many algal species in the Pacific and Caribbean,144 and it has been identified as a high molecular weight polysaccharide with an active, water-soluble subunit.145 The isolated subunit has been adsorbed onto a resin base, which had activity similar to the natural inducer in laboratory and field studies.145... 

An example of the use of carbohydrate-based affinity chromatography is, thus, the separation of proteins which are responsible for the action of bioactive polysaccharides or oses. The strategy consists in the immobilization of these carbohydrates on classical low- or high-pressure affinity phases. We will distinguish two types of ligands those based on osidic structures and those prepared from glycosaminoglycans or polysaccharides. 

Most carbohydrate-based fat replacers are extracted from by-products rich in cell wall polysaccharides. Polydextrose, which can be applied both as a carbohydrate and as a fat replacer, is obtained by vacuum thermal polymerization of glucose, using citric acid as a catalyst and sorbitol as a plasticizer (Voragen, 1998). 

Polysaccharides are formed by glycosidically linked carbohydrate (glycosyl) residues. As expected, the nomenclature of polysaccharides is based on the nomenclature of carbohydrates. The recommendations of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry-International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (lUPAC-IUB JCBN) have been pub-lished and are open to the public at http //www. chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/2carb/39.html. 

In addition to the synthesis of polysaccharides, the transglucosylation activity of GH family 13 amylosucrase from N. polysaccharea has been employed to modify amylo-polysaccharides, underlying the interest of this enzyme for the design of novel thickening agents, resistant starches, and original carbohydrate-based dendritic nanoparticles [73, 74]. 

Several new glycoconjugate vaccines have recently been approved, including those made from Pneumococcal, Haemophilus B, and Typhoid Vi capsular polysaccharides. This type of carbohydrate-based drug involves carbohydrate natural products isolation and serves as an example for synthetic oligosaccharide gly-coconjugates in research and development. 

Simple carbohydrates (cellulose, starch, glucose, fructose, inulin, chitin, etc.) extracted from biomass, oligo- and polysaccharides of microbial or algal origin and derivatives thereof play a very important role in many sectors ranging from textiles and specialty chemicals to cosmetics, and food and feed industries. Large-scale carbohydrate-based processes in these sectors are well established and based on relatively simple chemical or biotechnological... 

Rinaudo, M. New amphiphilic grafted copolymers based on polysaccharides. Carbohydr. Polym. 83, 1338-1344 (2011)... 

In general, polyols have good plasticizing properties, especially when it comes to plasticizing carbohydrate-based products such as TPS. They have a dual action as primary plasticizers, altering the interaction between adjacent polysaccharide chains, and secondary plasticizers ensuring the presence of water -the most efficient plasticizer for carbohydrates. 

Apart from polyplexes, various nanoscale assemblies of cationic polysaccharides are also proposed to promote the surface-mediated delivery of DNA to cells. These approaches are classified into one of two broad categories (i) methods based upon the physical adsorption of preformed polyplex on polymeric surfaces like PLGA or collagen films and these polyplex functionalized films promoted surface-mediated transfection of cells in vitro and in vivof (ii) methods for layer-by-layer adsorption of DNA and cationic polymers on surfaces to fabricate multilayered thin films. Recently, degradable carbohydrate-based nanogels were proposed for codelivery of pDNA and therapeutic proteins. These systems were designed to possess stimuli-sensitive characteristics where the temperature-sensitive property of nanogels allowed the facile encapsulation of biomaterials, while... 

Muzzarelli, R.A.A. 1990. Chitin and chitosan Unique cationic polysaccharides. Towards a carbohydrate based chemistry. Proceedings of Symposium, ECSC-EEC-EAEC, Luxembourg, pp. 199-231. 

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