Polymers synthetic acrylic acid

The term polyacrylates includes synthetic, high molecular weight polymers of acrylic acid (polyacrylic acid or PAA) that are also known as carbomers. They are either linear or (weakly) cross-linked (either by allyl sucrose (carbomers) or by divinyl glycol (polycarbophils)) polymers that are broadly applied in... 

Carbomers are synthetic, high-molecular-weight, crosslinked polymers of acrylic acid. These poly(acrylic acid) polymers are crosslinked with allyl sucrose or allyl pentaerythritol. The polymerization solvent used most commonly was benzene however, some of the newer commercially available grades of carbomer are manufactured using either ethyl acetate or a cyclohexane-ethyl acetate cosolvent mixture. The Carbopol ETD resins are produced in the cosolvent mixture with a proprietary polymerization aid, and these resins are crosslinked with a polyalkenyl polyether. 

Polycarbophils are synthetic, high-molecular-weight, cross-linked polymers of acrylic acid. These poly(acrylic acid) polymers are crosslinked with divinyl glycol. They are synthesized via precipitation polymerization in ethyl acetate and then dried. 

Use Manufacture of isopropyl alcohol, polypropylene, synthetic glycerol, acrylonitrile, propylene oxide, heptene, cumene, polymer gasoline, acrylic acid, vinyl resins, oxo chemicals. 

Synthetic hydrogels have been frequently used in biomedical applications, because of the similarity of their physical properties to living tissues [3]. The most widely used synthetic hydrogels are polymers of acrylic acid, acrylamide, and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) ... 

Poly(acrylic acid) A polymer of acrylic acid used as a sizing agent in the manufacture of nylon and other synthetic textiles See image). 

The antiviral properties of anionic polymers have recently received a lot of attention as agents to protect against infection with sexually transmitted diseases. Due to the cationic nature of most viruses, several anionic polymers are known to bind viruses. As early as the 1960s, researchers had studied the anti-viral properties of a variety of synthetic polymers [118]. However, not all anionic polymers inactivate viruses. Several classes of anionic polymers have been studied for their ability to inactivate the HIV virus. These polymers include poly(styrene-4-sulfonate), 2-naphthalenesulfonate-formaldehyde polymer, and acrylic acid-based polymers. Certain chemically modified natural polymers (i.e., semisynthetic) such as dextrin/dextran sulfates, cellulose sulfate, carrageenan sulfate, and cellulose acetate phthalate have also been investigated for this purpose. Of a number of such anionic polymers that have shown in-vitro and in vivo anti-HIV activity, a couple of polymeric drug candidates have proceeded to early stage human clinical trials for the evaluation of safety/tolerability [119]. While most of these have shown the desired tolerability and safety, further clinical trials are necessary to discern the therapeutic benefit and see if anionic polymers will be applicable as anti-HIV therapies. 

Fig. 1 Synthetic route of a superabsorbent polymer using acrylic acid as the raw material.

The synthetics may be sub-divided into addition polymers and condensation polymers, the former being mostly carbon-chain backbone polymers and the latter being chiefly heteroatom chain backbone polymers. Poly(acrylic acid) and poly(vinyl alcohol)... 

Calcium oxide can absorb CO2 from pre-combustion systems. Natural sources of CaO, such as limestone, CaCOg, produce sorbents that lose reactivity relatively fast. Good CO2 sorbents were prepared with CaO precursors templated on three natural polysaccharides chitosan, agar and carrageenan, or three synthetic polymers poly(acrylic acid), poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(ethylene oxide-b-propylene oxide-b-ethylene oxide), respectively. Calcium oxide confined onto S5mthetic polymers exhibited better CO2 uptake activity and stability than CaO derived from commercial... 

CHi=CMeCOOH. Colourless prisms m.p. 15-16 C, b.p. 160-5 C. Manufactured by treating propanone cyanohydrin with dilute sulphuric acid. Polymerizes when distilled or when heated with hydrochloric acid under pressure, see acrylic acid polymers. Used in the preparation of synthetic acrylate resins the methyl and ethyl esters form important glass-like polymers. 

Almost all synthetic binders are prepared by an emulsion polymerization process and are suppHed as latexes which consist of 48—52 wt % polymer dispersed in water (101). The largest-volume binder is styrene—butadiene copolymer [9003-55-8] (SBR) latex. Most SBRlatexes are carboxylated, ie, they contain copolymerized acidic monomers. Other latex binders are based on poly(vinyl acetate) [9003-20-7] and on polymers of acrylate esters. Poly(vinyl alcohol) is a water-soluble, synthetic biader which is prepared by the hydrolysis of poly(viayl acetate) (see Latex technology Vinyl polymers). 

A number of synthetic polymers that are widely used commercially are soluble in water. These tend to have very polar functional groups and include such polymers as poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(acrylic acid), and the modified celluloses. 

Many synthetic water-soluble polymers are easily analyzed by GPC. These include polyacrylamide,130 sodium poly(styrenesulfonate),131 and poly (2-vinyl pyridine).132 An important issue in aqueous GPC of synthetic polymers is the effect of solvent conditions on hydrodynamic volume and therefore retention. Ion inclusion and ion exclusion effects may also be important. In one interesting case, samples of polyacrylamide in which the amide side chain was partially hydrolyzed to generate a random copolymer of acrylic acid and acrylamide exhibited pH-dependent GPC fractionation.130 At a pH so low that the side chain would be expected to be protonated, hydrolyzed samples eluted later than untreated samples, perhaps suggesting intramolecular hydrogen bonding. At neutral pH, the hydrolyzed samples eluted earlier than untreated samples, an effect that was ascribed to enlargement... 

Synthetic Petroleum based Acrylic acid polymers Polyacrylamides Alkylene/alkylene... 

Polymers based on acrylic acid have gained considerable importance in recent years. Their essential chemistry is discussed in section 10.8.2 on synthetic thickeners. Copolymers of acrylic acid with acrylonitrile and methyl acrylate (10.68) contain a random distribution of cyano, ester and acidic sidechain groups [169]. 

The poor adhesion of carboxymethylcellulose to synthetic fibres means that where such fibres are present, it can only be effective in combination with a synthetic size polymer (Table 10.6). This needs to be taken into account when considering suitable desizing procedures. If this cellulose derivative is to be used in conjunction with an electrolyte-sensitive acrylic acid copolymer, it is advisable to choose a salt-free carboxymethylcellulose. 

Many polymers have been studied for their usefulness in producing pharmacologically active complexes with proteins or drugs. Synthetic and natural polymers such as polysaccharides, poly(L-lysine) and other poly(amino acids), poly(vinyl alcohols), polyvinylpyrrolidinones, poly(acrylic acid) derivatives, various polyurethanes, and polyphosphazenes have been coupled to with a diversity of substances to explore their properties (Duncan and Kopecek, 1984 Braatz et al., 1993). Copolymer preparations of two monomers also have been tried (Nathan et al., 1993). 

Since the 1950s, synthetic polymers have been used as art binders. The most common groups are referred to as the vinyls and acrylics by artists. Both groupings represent a wide variety of polymers and copolymers and are inaccurately, or at best not accurately, named. For polymer scientists, the term vinyl generally refers to PVC, but to artists it may refer to many other materials. Even so, most of the synthetic paint market today is based on acrylics. Acrylic paints are typically water emulsions of synthetic polymers. In art, the term acrylic is used to describe a wide variety of polymers and copolymers that can be considered as derivatives of acrylic acids. Most acrylics used in art binders are PMMA (Equation 6.61), PVAc (Equation 6.64), poly( -butyl methacrylate) (Equation 6.65), and copolymers such as poly(ethyl acrylate-comethacrylate). 

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