Acrylic acid synthetic

CHi=CMeCOOH. Colourless prisms m.p. 15-16 C, b.p. 160-5 C. Manufactured by treating propanone cyanohydrin with dilute sulphuric acid. Polymerizes when distilled or when heated with hydrochloric acid under pressure, see acrylic acid polymers. Used in the preparation of synthetic acrylate resins the methyl and ethyl esters form important glass-like polymers. 

Acetic acid (qv) can be produced synthetically (methanol carbonylation, acetaldehyde oxidation, butane/naphtha oxidation) or from natural sources (5). Oxygen is added to propylene to make acrolein, which is further oxidized to acryHc acid (see Acrylic acid and derivatives). An alternative method adds carbon monoxide and/or water to acetylene (6). Benzoic acid (qv) is made by oxidizing toluene in the presence of a cobalt catalyst (7). 

A modified latex composition contains a phosphorus surface group. Such a latex is formed by emulsion polymerization of unsaturated synthetic monomers in the presence of a phosponate or a phosphate which is intimately bound to the surface of the latex. Thus, a modified latex containing 46% solids was prepared by emulsion polymerization of butadiene, styrene, acrylic acid-styrene seed latex, and a phosphonate comonomer in H20 in the presence of phosphated alkylphenol ethoxylate at 90°C. The modified latex is useful as a coating for substrates and as a binder in aqueous systems containing inorganic fillers employed in paper coatings, carpet backings, and wallboards [119]. 

A number of synthetic polymers that are widely used commercially are soluble in water. These tend to have very polar functional groups and include such polymers as poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(acrylic acid), and the modified celluloses. 

Solutions of different carboxylic acids (fiimaric acid [FA], maleic acid, acrylic acid, succinic acid, and malonic acid) in ethanol have been effectively used as primers to increase the adhesion of synthetic vulcanized SBRs. The increase in the adhesion properties of SBR treated with carboxylic acid is attributed to the elimination of zinc stearate moieties and the deposition of acid on the rubber which migrates into the solvent-borne polyurethane adhesive layer once the adhesive joint is formed. The nature of the carboxylic acid determines the rate of diffusion into the adhesive and the extent of rubber-adhesive interfacial interaction. 

Lignite can be grafted with synthetic comonomers to obtain lignite fluid loss additives [873]. Comonomers can be AMPS, N,N-dimethylacrylamide, acrylamide, vinylpyrrolidone, vinylacetate, acrylonitrile, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, styrene sulfonate, vinyl sulfonate, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate methyl chloride quaternary, and acrylic acid and its salts. 

Many synthetic water-soluble polymers are easily analyzed by GPC. These include polyacrylamide,130 sodium poly(styrenesulfonate),131 and poly (2-vinyl pyridine).132 An important issue in aqueous GPC of synthetic polymers is the effect of solvent conditions on hydrodynamic volume and therefore retention. Ion inclusion and ion exclusion effects may also be important. In one interesting case, samples of polyacrylamide in which the amide side chain was partially hydrolyzed to generate a random copolymer of acrylic acid and acrylamide exhibited pH-dependent GPC fractionation.130 At a pH so low that the side chain would be expected to be protonated, hydrolyzed samples eluted later than untreated samples, perhaps suggesting intramolecular hydrogen bonding. At neutral pH, the hydrolyzed samples eluted earlier than untreated samples, an effect that was ascribed to enlargement... 

Synthetic Petroleum based Acrylic acid polymers Polyacrylamides Alkylene/alkylene... 

The relative proportions of triads is determined by the synthetic conditions chosen as described above for acrylic acid copolymers of acrylamide derived by either direct copolymerization or by hydrolysis. Also, the polymerization pH has a considerable effect on the reactivity in acrylamide/acrylic acid copolymerization. 

Compared with wool and cotton, the scouring procedures for synthetic fibres are relatively simple since these fibres contain fewer impurities. Most of these have at least some degree of water solubility the most important are sizes and lubricants. The major sizes used are poly (vinyl alcohol), carboxymethylcellulose and poly (acrylic acid), all of which are completely or partially water-soluble. Sometimes aliphatic polyesters are used. 

Polymers based on acrylic acid have gained considerable importance in recent years. Their essential chemistry is discussed in section 10.8.2 on synthetic thickeners. Copolymers of acrylic acid with acrylonitrile and methyl acrylate (10.68) contain a random distribution of cyano, ester and acidic sidechain groups [169]. 

The poor adhesion of carboxymethylcellulose to synthetic fibres means that where such fibres are present, it can only be effective in combination with a synthetic size polymer (Table 10.6). This needs to be taken into account when considering suitable desizing procedures. If this cellulose derivative is to be used in conjunction with an electrolyte-sensitive acrylic acid copolymer, it is advisable to choose a salt-free carboxymethylcellulose. 

The same group has developed another synthetically useful photochemically induced domino transformation. Irradiation of the enaminecarbaldehydes 5-40a or 5-40b in the presence of acrylic acid ester 5-41a or acrylonitrile 5-41b afforded the quinolizidines 5-45a and 5-45b as well as the pyrido[l,2-a]azepines 5-45c and 5-45d, respectively, with high stereoselectivity [14]. Only very small amounts of the corresponding diastereomers 5-46a-d were detected. 

Acrylic acid diallylamide is transformed by palladium chloride into A3-pyrrolinone derivatives but the synthetic utility of this type of cyclization is limited because of the formation of a complex product mixture containing pyrrolidones (Scheme 37).65... 

Many polymers have been studied for their usefulness in producing pharmacologically active complexes with proteins or drugs. Synthetic and natural polymers such as polysaccharides, poly(L-lysine) and other poly(amino acids), poly(vinyl alcohols), polyvinylpyrrolidinones, poly(acrylic acid) derivatives, various polyurethanes, and polyphosphazenes have been coupled to with a diversity of substances to explore their properties (Duncan and Kopecek, 1984 Braatz et al., 1993). Copolymer preparations of two monomers also have been tried (Nathan et al., 1993). 

Emulsion paints are based on aqueous synthetic resin dispersions, which afford a lacquer-like paint film. The resin dispersions which are commonly used by the paint industry contain water as the carrier phase. A large number of such dispersions are available, based on different resins such as poly(vinyl acetate), which may be employed as a copolymer with vinyl chloride, maleic dibutyl ester, ethylene, acrylic acid esters, polyacrylic resin, and copolymers of the latter with various monomers, as well as styrene-butadiene or poly(vinyl propionate). These disper-... 

Scheme 1 Repetitive step-by-step synthetic scheme leading to formation of a hyper-branched graft of poly(acrylic acid) on a mercaptoundecanoic acid self-assembled mono-layer on a supported gold film...

Since the 1950s, synthetic polymers have been used as art binders. The most common groups are referred to as the vinyls and acrylics by artists. Both groupings represent a wide variety of polymers and copolymers and are inaccurately, or at best not accurately, named. For polymer scientists, the term vinyl generally refers to PVC, but to artists it may refer to many other materials. Even so, most of the synthetic paint market today is based on acrylics. Acrylic paints are typically water emulsions of synthetic polymers. In art, the term acrylic is used to describe a wide variety of polymers and copolymers that can be considered as derivatives of acrylic acids. Most acrylics used in art binders are PMMA (Equation 6.61), PVAc (Equation 6.64), poly( -butyl methacrylate) (Equation 6.65), and copolymers such as poly(ethyl acrylate-comethacrylate). 

Feng YS, Chen PC, Wen FS et al (2008) Nitrile hydratase from Mesorhizobium sp F28 and its potential for nitrile biotransformation. Process Biochem 43 1391-1397 Wang CC, Lee CM, Wu AS (2009) Acrylic acid removal from synthetic wastewater and industrial wastewater using Ralstonia solanacearum and Acidovorax avenae isolated from a wastewater treatment system manufactured with polyacrylonitrile fiber. Water Sci Technol 60 3011-3016... 

Because the viscosity of neoprene latex at a given solids content is less than that of natural rubber latex, thickeners are generally needed with the former. Methylcellulose and the water-soluble salts of poly(acrylic acid) are the two most commonly used thickeners. Natural and synthetic gums are also used. 

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