POLYMERIC ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT

Antibiotics are produced by fermentation. The process may take a few days to obtain an extractable amount of product. Antibiotic production is done by the batch process. Oxygen transport is the major concern therefore sufficient polymeric sugar and protein with a trace amount of elemental growth factors are used to enhance production. An anti-biogram test is used to observe the amount of antimicrobial agent in the fermentation broth. A bioassay determines the activity unit of the bactericides. 

Controlled and sustained drug delivery has recently begun to make an impression in the area of treatment of dental diseases. Many researchers have demonstrated that controlled delivery of antimicrobial agents, such as chlorhexidine [128-130], ofloxacin [131-133], and metronidazole [134], can effectively treat and prevent periodontitis. The incidence of dental caries and formation of plaque can also be reduced by controlled delivery of fluoride [135,136]. Delivery systems used are film-forming solutions [129,130], polymeric inserts [132], implants, and patches. Since dental disease is usually chronic, sustained release of therapeutic agents in the oral cavity would obviously be desirable. 

Antimicrobial additives can be used in polymeric materials to prevent or reduce the growth of bacteria and other organisms. A common antimicrobial agent is 2,4,4 -trichloro-2 -hydroxydiphenyl ether also known as triclosan. Its presence can be detected using combined GC/MS (Figures 8 and 9). 

Silver and its compounds have long been used as antimicrobial agents in medicine. The mechanisms of silver toxicity as they relate to human exposure to pharmaceuticals have been reviewed (328). Silver is active at low concentrations and has a low toxicity. The practice of instilling the eyes of infants with 1% of AgN03 solution immediately after birth is still common in some countries, for prevention of opthalmia neonatorum (329). Silver sulfadiazine 77 is clinically used as a topical antimicrobial and antifungal agent and applied as a cream to prevent bacterial infections in cases of severe burns. It is an insoluble polymeric compound and releases Ag(I) ions slowly. 

Optional II Same basic composition and mass as above, but adjusted for the following postaddition of antimicrobial agents (e.g., chlorhexidine, etc.). Antimicrobial agents 0.5-10.0 of total solids Emulsification and polymerization procedure ... 

Several factors may influence the success or failure of a preservative to protect a formulation against microbial contamination. These factors include the interaction of the preservative with surfactants, active substances, other components of the vehicle, sorption by the polymeric packaging materials, and product storage temperature. Although hundreds of chemicals can fimction as germicides, only a few substances have made it to the marketplace. The small list is not based as much on a compound s effectiveness as an antimicrobial agent as on the compound s safety and effectiveness in the final product. 

Sodium benzoate has been used as an antimicrobial agent used in polymeric films in food packaging. A specification for sodium benzoate is contained in the Food Ghemicals Godex (EGG). The EINEGS number for sodium benzoate is 208-534-8. 

Antimicrobial agents may be incorporated into a plastics formulation to preserve the polymeric material by destroying or inhibiting the growth of microorganisms on the product surface. Traditionally, the bulk of antimicrobials have been used for flexible PVC, PU foams and adhesives for susceptible formulations in stressful environments. The antimicrobial selection process is influenced by the polymer and its other additives, the production process and any environmental stresses in the finished article s use. 

Disclosed are dry, disposable, polymeric antimicrobial-applying products having sustained-release antimicrobial activity. They corrsist essentially of a polymeric material, such as a natrual polymer, synthetic polymer or mixture thereof, in the form of fibres, yarrrs, woverr, non-woven and knitted fabrics, sheets and films, and an amine salt antimicrobial agent, which is releasably impregnated into... 

The present invention provides for medical devices which are antiinfective as a resirlt of antinfective agents impregnated onto their surfaces and/or antinfective activity incorporated into their access sites. It is based, at least in part, on the discovery that certain combinations of antimicrobial agents and solvents change the surface characteristics of polymeric medical devices, thereby facilitating the retention of antimicrobial agents. It is further based on the discovery that the incorporation of antinfective polymeric inserts into the access sites of a medical device provides improved antinfective activity. 

The mechanisms by which microbes attach to surfaces and viability of the microorganisms are discussed. Representative microorganisms (bacteria, algae, fungi, viruses and other microbes) are listed that are problematical from a medical or health perspective and/or that lead to unwanted damage in materials. Adhesion and persistence of microorganisms, methods of decontamination of polymeric substrates, durability of antimicrobial agents on materials, and applieations, are discussed. 19 refs... 

ASTM E 2180 Standard Test Method for Determining the Activity of Incorporated Antimicrobial Agent(s) in Polymeric or Hydrophobic Materials ... 

Alconate . [Rhone-Poulenc Surf.] Sttlfosttccinates surfactants, wetting agent dispersant penetrant Aickener, conditioner for personal cate prods., tug shanqxios, industrial and mining applies. enuilsifier in emulsion polymerization antimicrobial for daridruff shanqxxis. 

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria cause life-threatening infections in hospitals and society in general. There is a vital requirement to develop new antimicrobial agents, but this task involves extensive scientific trials. This chapter reviewed broad-spectrum polymeric antimicrobials, which are not susceptible to current resistance, and mechanisms of bacteria to mimic the antimicrobial action of natural HDP, which exert their effect by permeabilising the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane. Most cationic antimicrobial polymers appear to work in a manner similar to membrane-active AMP, such as magainin. The design and synthesis of different polymers, such as methacrylate-based copolymers, PPE, polynorbornene by-products, amphiphilc arylamide polymers and large polymers, have been studied as biomimetic polymers in different applications. 

This method involves chemical reactions to incorporate antimicrobial agents into polymeric backbones polymers such as polyamides, polyesters and polyurethanes, which have biologically active groups, are used due to their ability to hydrolyse active drugs and small harmless molecules. 

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