Antimicrobial agents, uses

Industrial antimicrobial agents are chemicals used to prevent the adverse consequences of microbiological activity in processes and products. Some are unique to this segment and others are drawn from the antimicrobial agents used in medicine, agriculture, and sanitary appHcations. Industrial antimicrobials are selected where process or stricdy physical conditions, such as irradiation or heat, are impractical or ineffective in controlling microbiological activity. 

The concentrate derived from ultrafiltration is usually a thick colourless gel containing about 4-8% solids. This must contain an antimicrobial agent to inhibit microbial growth and biological degradation. The type of antimicrobial agent used depends on the particular application for the exopolysaccharide. For example, the nature of file antimicrobial agent is less critical for industrial applications, such as enhanced oil recovery, than for use in cosmetics. 

Scott E.M., Gorman S.P. McGrath S.J. (1986) An assessment ofttie fiuigicidal activity of antimicrobial agents used for hard-surface and skin disinfection. J Clin Hosp Pharm, 11, 199-205. 

Coleman, G. (1962). A study of some antimicrobial agents used in oral surgery. British Dental Journal, 113, 22-8. 

Other antimicrobial agents used in urinary tract infection e.g. sulfonamides, quinolones, penicillins, ... 

Certain antimicrobial agents used to treat urinary tract infections act better in acidic pH i.e. nitrofurantoin, tetracycline, methenamine, cloxacillin. Certain other antimicrobial agents such as gentamicin, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, cotri-... 

Ideally, the antimicrobial agent used to treat an infection is selected after the organism has been identified and its drug sensitivity established. However, in the critically ill patient, such a delay could prove fatal and immediate empiric therapy is indicated. 

Sodium benzoate has been used as an antimicrobial agent used in polymeric films in food packaging. A specification for sodium benzoate is contained in the Food Ghemicals Godex (EGG). The EINEGS number for sodium benzoate is 208-534-8. 

In addition to finding a suitable product, the practitioner must also determine an appropriate withdrawal time for an antimicrobial agent used in a horse intended for human consumption or performance. 

Overview of the pharmacokinetics, Indications and dose rates of antimicrobial agents used In the... 

Fig. 12.1 Schematic diagram of a typical bacterial cell showing the sites of action of the major classes of antibiotics and antimicrobial agents used to treat infections. Agents listed without brackets are used to treat bacterial infections. Agents used against mycobacterial, fungal or protozoal infections are indicated by theuseofQ, [] and brackets, respectively.

Kingsbury, W. D., Boehm, J. C., Mehta, R. J., Grappel, S. R Transport of antimicrobial agents using peptide carrier systems anticandidal activity of m-fluorophenylalanine peptide conjugates. J. Med. Chem. 1983,26,1725-1729. 

Araboascorbic acid, monosodium salt, D- CCRIS 2517 EINECS 228-973-9 Eribate Hex-2-enonic acid gamma-lactone, D-erythro-, monosodium sait D-erythro-Hex-2-enonic acid, y-lactone, monosodium salt HSDB 741 Isoascorbic acid sodium salt Isona Mercate 20 Neo-cebitate Sodium isoascorbate. Antioxidant and antimicrobial agent used in meat, poultry, and seafood industries. Crystals mp = 168-170° [al = 95° (c = 10 H2O) very soluble in H2O 916 g/100 ml). Lancaster Synthesis Co. PMP Fermentation Prods. Rhdne-Poulenc Food Ingredients. 

INDICATIONS FOR THE CLINICAL USE OE COMBINATIONS OF ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS Use of antibiotics in combination may be justified (1) for empirical therapy of an infection for which the cause is unknown (2) for treatment of polymicrobial infections (3) to enhance antimicrobial activity for a specific infection (i.e., for synergy) or (4) to prevent emergence of resistance. 

Antimierobial bodywashes are used to control the numbers of bacteria, where appropriate [15]. Because the organisms of potential concern are primarily Grampositive, the activity of antimicrobial agents used in antimicrobial bodywashes should be suitable for that use and so may be of limited spectrum. Most importantly, this will enable a proportion of the normal flora to remain. 

Practices for evaluating inactivators of antimicrobial agents used in disinfectant, sanitizer, antiseptic or preserved products. In Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Volume 11.05, Standard Designation EI054-91, 1991. 

Products and Uses An antimicrobial agent used for disinfecting, oxidizing, bleaching, deodorizing, and purifying. It is used sometimes for bottled water. 

Use of these materials in high humidity atmospheres can activate microbial attack. Some commonly used plasticisers (DOP, DIOP, DBP, tricrescyl and TPP triphenyl phosphate (TCR) are the most resistant to microbial attack. The major antimicrobial agents used in PVC are lO-lO -oxybisphenoxarsine (OBPA), M-(trichloromethylthio)phthalimide and 2-N-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (OITO). 

The common chemical classes of antimicrobial agents used in industry are phenolics, halogen compounds, quaternary ammonium compounds, metal derivatives, amines, alkanol amines, nitro derivatives, anilides, organo-sulfur and sulfur nitrogen compounds. Some recommended agents for latex use are pentachlorophenol, tetrachloroisophthalonitrile, o-phenylphenol, tributyltin oxide, 2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one, l-(3-chloroallyl)-3,5,7-tri-aza-l-azoniaadamantane chloride [119],... 

Hydrogen ion concentration plays a major role in the activity of various antimicrobial agents used in winemaking. As previously discussed and as seen in Figs 1.8, the percentage of molecular sulfur dioxide, increases with decreasing pH. This relationship also applies in the cases of sorbic and benzoic acids. 

Bis(tri-n-butyltin) sulfosalicylate n. An antimicrobial agent used in flexible PVC film and urethanes. 

Different Types of Antimicrobial Agents Used in Cleaners and Sanitizers... 

Resorcinol is a weak antiseptic (antimicrobial agent) used in the treatment of skin conditions such as eczema and psoriasis. Placing an alkyl chain on the ring increases its potency as an antiseptic. Studies indicate that the optimal potency is achieved with a six-carbon chain length. Hexylresorcinol exhibits bactericidal and fungicidal properties and is used in many throat lozenges. 

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