Polymer resin styrene-acrylic acid copolymers

Acrylics. Acetone is converted via the intermediate acetone cyanohydrin to the monomer methyl methacrylate (MMA) [80-62-6]. The MMA is polymerized to poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) to make the familiar clear acryUc sheet. PMMA is also used in mol ding and extmsion powders. Hydrolysis of acetone cyanohydrin gives methacrylic acid (MAA), a monomer which goes direcdy into acryUc latexes, carboxylated styrene—butadiene polymers, or ethylene—MAA ionomers. As part of the methacrylic stmcture, acetone is found in the following major end use products acryUc sheet mol ding resins, impact modifiers and processing aids, acryUc film, ABS and polyester resin modifiers, surface coatings, acryUc lacquers, emulsion polymers, petroleum chemicals, and various copolymers (see METHACRYLIC ACID AND DERIVATIVES METHACRYLIC POLYMERS). 

Other NAD microspheres are composed of styrene, MMA, hydroxyethyl acrylate, acrylic acid and acrylonitrile and are blended with acrylic copolymers and melamine/formaldehyde resins [341,342]. Particles of this polymer are used as rheology modifiers to prevent sagging in automotive coatings and for controlling the orientation of metal flake pigments. 

Functionalization of crosslinked polymers by Mannich reaction" includes mainly polystyrenes and polyacrylics such as styrene/divinyl benzene copolymers 537-539114-117 gpjj acrylic ester/divinyl benzene copolymers 540, respectively." These materials are involved in the reaction as substrate (539)" or, more frequently, as amine reagent (sec also Fig. 163, Chap. Ill) when the crosslinked product, containing amino groups, is allowed to react with phosphorous acids (537,538, and 540). Thus, chelating properties are assumed by the resins. 

Subsequently D Alello developed the polystyrene-hased resin in 1944 (4). Two years later, polystyrene anion-exchange resins made hy chloromethylation and amination of the matrix were produced. Four principal classes of ion-exchange resins were commercially availahle by the 1950s. These are the strong-acid, strong-hase, and weak-hase resins derived from styrene-divinylbenzene copolymers, and the weak-acid resins derived from cross-linked acrylics. To this day, the most widely used ion exchangers are synthetic organic polymer resins based on styrene- or acrylic-acid-type monomers as described by D Alelio in U.S. Patent 2,3666,007. 

Polyacrylates as binders consist of copolymers of acrylate and methacrylate esters. Other unsaturated monomers (e.g., styrene and vinyltoluene) may also be incorporated, but usually to a lesser extent. Copolymers formed exclusively from acrylates and/or methacrylates are termed straight acrylics. The comonomers differ as regards the alcohol residues of the ester group, which also allow incorporation of additional functional groups. Choice of suitable monomers allows wide variation of the physical and chemical properties of the resulting polymer. Hydrophilicity, hydrophobic-ity, acid base properties as well as can be adjusted resins containing hydroxyl, amine, epoxy, or isocyanate groups can also be produced. 

Acrylic acid/acrylamide copolymer Acrylic resin Acrylonitrile/styrene copolymer Bisphenol A/epichlorohydrin resin t-Butylaminoethyl methacrylate Chlorotrifluoroethylene/1,1-difluoroethylene copolymer Chlorotrifluoroethylene/1,1 -difluoroethylene/tetrafluoroethylene copolymer Chlorotrifluoroethylene polymer Corn (Zea mays) starch Dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate... 

Commercial acrylic resins comprise a broad array of polymers and copolymers derived from esters of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid. They range from the homopolymer of methyl methacrylate to a variety of copolymers including both the thermoplastic and thermoset type and ranging from hard and stiff types to soft and elastomeric types. The most common of the thermoplastic acrylic resins are the poly(methyl methacrylate) homopolymer (PMMA) and the copolymers containing predominantly methyl methacrylate but with small amounts of methyl or ethyl acrylate, acrylonitrile, or styrene comonomers added for improved toughness. 

Water-based epoxy resins not applied by electrodeposition are mostly of the anodic type and maleinized epoxy esters are frequently used. Another class is the epoxy acrylic graft copolymer, where the epoxy resin is rendered water-soluble by attaching side chains of acrylic polymer containing a high amount of methacrylic acid. The process of grafting is similar to that of chain transfer (p. 67), where acrylic chains are attached by hydrogen abstraction. This process is illustrated in Fig. 14.2, where C- represents a radical site, and represents an extended acrylic chain containing both methacryclic acid and styrene components. 

Some specific recent applications of the chromatography-mass spectrometry technique to various types of polymers include the following PE [130, 131], poly(l-octene), poly(l-decene), poly(l-dodecene) and 1-octene-l-decene-l-dodecene terpolymer [132], chlorinated polyethylene [133], polyolefins [134,135], acrylic acid, methacrylic acid copolymers [136, 137], polyacrylate [138], styrene-butadiene and other rubbers [139-141], nitrile rubber [142], natural rubbers [143,144], chlorinated natural rubber [145,146], polychloroprene [147], PVC [148-150], silicones [151,152], polycarbonates (PC) [153], styrene-isoprene copolymers [154], substituted PS [155], polypropylene carbonate [156], ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer [157], Nylon 6,6 [158], polyisopropenyl cyclohexane-a-methylstyrene copolymers [195], cresol-novolac epoxy resins [160], polymeric flame retardants [161], poly(4-N-alkylstyrenes) [162], pol)winyl pyrrolidone [31,163], vinyl pyrrolidone-methacryloxysilicone copolymers [164], polybutylcyanoacrylate [165], polysulfide copolymers [1669], poly(diethyl-2-methacryloxy) ethyl phosphate [167, 168], ethane-carbon monoxide copolymers [169], polyetherimide [170], and bisphenol-A [171]. 

Additionally to the procedures described earlier, improvements for thermostabilization is copolymerisation of vinyl chloride with suitable monomers. A great number of monomers were investigated to optimize the properties of resins. But only vinyl acetate, vinylidene chloride, ethylene, propylene, acrylonitrile, acrylic acid esters, and maleic acid esters, respectively, are of interest commercially [305,436,437]. The copolymerization was carried out in emulsion, suspension, and solution in connection with water- or oil-soluble initiators, as mentioned elsewhere. Another possibility for modifying PVC is grafting of VC on suitable polymers [305,438], blends of PVC with butadiene/styrene and butadiene/ methacryl acid esters copolymers [433], and polymer-analogous reactions on the macromolecule [439,440] (e.g., chlorination of PVC). 

Y. Kawabata and coworkers Chemistry Letters (1976), 1213—1214) have reported on the asymmetric hydrogenation brought about by a Rhodium catalyst complexed with a phosphonite derivative of cellulose. Pittman and coworkers (Preprints D/v. Petroleum Chem. 22 (1977), 1196) have attached a (-) DIOP—Rh—catalyst to cross linked styrene-divinylbenzene resins. This polymer displayed activity for the asymmetric hydroformila-tion of styrene, and a study of the dependence of the optical yield from various structural parameters of the polymer has been carried out. J. K. Stille and coworkers ( 7. Am. Chem. Soc. 100 (1978), 264) have prepared a chiral polymer-immobilized (-)DIOP-Rh(I) catalyst which is active in the asymmetric hydrogenation of a-acetamido acrylic acid derivatives with optical yields as high as 86%. Since optical yields were higher in ethanol than in other solvents (e.g. tetrahydrofurane), also a copolymer was prepared, which contained a chiral alcoholic function in addition to the Rh-catalytic function (T. Masuda and J. K. Stille,... 

The term acrylic resin is generally applied to the polymers and copolymers of methacrylic and acrylic acid having structures (9) and (10), where R is the alkyl radical of the alcohol portion of the ester. Frequently the copolymers of one or more of these esters with nonacrylic monomers such as styrene, butadiene or vinyl acetate are also referred to as acrylic resins, but usage of the term is usually reserved for those resins which are predominantly of the characteristic acrylic or methacrylic structure shown. The main properties imparted by the acrylics as a class are outstanding outdoor... 

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