Synthetic organic polymer resins

Subsequently D Alello developed the polystyrene-hased resin in 1944 (4). Two years later, polystyrene anion-exchange resins made hy chloromethylation and amination of the matrix were produced. Four principal classes of ion-exchange resins were commercially availahle by the 1950s. These are the strong-acid, strong-hase, and weak-hase resins derived from styrene-divinylbenzene copolymers, and the weak-acid resins derived from cross-linked acrylics. To this day, the most widely used ion exchangers are synthetic organic polymer resins based on styrene- or acrylic-acid-type monomers as described by D Alelio in U.S. Patent 2,3666,007. 

New areas in adsorption technology include carbonaceous and polymeric resins (3). Based on synthetic organic polymer materials, these resins may find special uses where compound selectivity is important, low effluent concentrations are required, carbon regeneration is impractical, or the waste to be treated contains high levels of inorganic dissolved soHds. 

Synthetic organic polymers comprising a hydrocarbon crosslinked network to which ionisable groups are attached have the ability to exchange ions attracted to their ionised groups with ions of the same charge present in solution (Fig. 8.26). These substances, usually prepared in the form of beads, are ion-exchange resins and are insoluble in water, the aqueous... 

Ion exchange is a fundamental form of chromatography that was invented by Adams and Holmes in 1935. They realized that synthetic organic polymers, or resins, were capable of exchanging ions with the solution that contained them. The framework of the early resins consisted of a three-dimensional hydrocarbon network with ionizable groups that impart a hydrophilic nature to the resin. The ionizable groups are either acidic or basic. 

Ion exchange is another form of HPLC that nses a stationary phase consisting of a cross-linked synthetic organic polymer, often called a resin, with —SO3H or — NH2 groups attached to phenyl or other aromatic rings on the polymer backbone. Mobile phases are nsnally water or... 

These gels are made of synthetic organic polymers [3, 4]. Polystyrene crosslinked tvith divinyl benzene, poly(acrylic acid) and poly(acrylic acid) derivatives are well known materials. Polystyrene type gels are used for both porous adsorbents and ion exchange resins. Figures 2 and 3 illustrate the chemical structures of polystyrene and poly(acrylic acid)-t3 e ion exchange resins, respectively. Ion exchange resins can be divided into... 

Another large use of normal butenes in the petrochemical industry is in the production of 1,3-butadiene (CH2 = CH = CH = CH2). In the process, a mixture of n-butenes, air, and steam is passed over a catalyst at a temperature of 500°C to 600°C. Butadiene is used extensively to produce synthetic rubbers (see Isoprene) in polymerization reactions. The greatest use of butadiene is for styrene-butadiene rubber, which contains about a 3 1 ratio of butadiene to styrene. Butadiene is also used as a chemical intermediate to produce other synthetic organics such as chloroprene, for adhesives, resins, and a variety of polymers. 

Examples of acid-catalyzed carbonyl chemistiy are abundant in synthetic organic chemistry, biochemistry, industrial processes (such as in the synthesis of malachite green eq 5), and in polymer chemistry (such as in the synthesis of bisphenols of derived epoxy and polycarbonate resins eq 6).9... 

A wide variety of synthetic polymer resins can be used as water repeUents for concrete. These include acrylates, epoxies, chlorinated mbber, polyvinylbutyral, urethanes, elastomeric sUicones, and fluoropolymers. They are generaUy appUed from organic solvents or, in some cases, aqueous dispersions or latexes. Some have the disadvantage of inducing gloss and discoloration in the treated masonry. 

Ucar [Dow]. TM for various synthetic organic chemicals including solvents, coatings, resins, and deicing fluids. Also applied to synthetic latexes and water-soluble polymers. 

The synthetic organic resins consist of cross-linked polymer matrix which is functionalized to provide their ion exchange capacity. The matrix usually must undergo additional reactions to provide the strong acid cation, strong base anion, weak acid cation or weak base anion functionality. 

In addition to the silica or polymer based resins mentioned above, polymer based resins with specific chemistries at the functional group have also been widely used as palladium scavengers for synthetic organic reactions. These include macroporous polystyrene-bound trimercaptotriazine (TMT). It, along with the thiol resin, has been found to be highly effective in reducing the concentration of palladium in both aqueous and non-aqueous solutions [18]. 

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