Polymer resin copolymers

The vast majority of all commercially prepared acryUc polymers are copolymers of an acryUc ester monomer with one or more different monomers. Copolymerization gready increases the range of available polymer properties and has led to the development of many different resins suitable for a broad variety of appHcations. Several review articles are available (84,85). 

Aldehydes fiad the most widespread use as chemical iatermediates. The production of acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, and butyraldehyde as precursors of the corresponding alcohols and acids are examples. The aldehydes of low molecular weight are also condensed in an aldol reaction to form derivatives which are important intermediates for the plasticizer industry (see Plasticizers). As mentioned earlier, 2-ethylhexanol, produced from butyraldehyde, is used in the manufacture of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate [117-87-7]. Aldehydes are also used as intermediates for the manufacture of solvents (alcohols and ethers), resins, and dyes. Isobutyraldehyde is used as an intermediate for production of primary solvents and mbber antioxidants (see Antioxidaisits). Fatty aldehydes Cg—used in nearly all perfume types and aromas (see Perfumes). Polymers and copolymers of aldehydes exist and are of commercial significance. 

Aniline—formaldehyde resins were once quite important because of their excellent electrical properties, but their markets have been taken over by newer thermoplastic materials. Nevertheless, some aniline resins are stiU. used as modifiers for other resins. Acrylamide (qv) occupies a unique position in the amino resins field since it not only contains a formaldehyde reactive site, but also a polymerizable double bond. Thus it forms a bridge between the formaldehyde condensation polymers and the versatile vinyl polymers and copolymers. 

Antioxidants. The 1,2-dihydroquinolines have been used in a variety of ways as antioxidants (qv). For example, l,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline along with its 6-decyl [81045-48-9] and 6-ethoxy [91-53-2] derivatives have been used as antio2onants (qv) and stabilizers (68). A polymer [26780-96-1] of l,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline is used in resins, copolymers, lubricant oils, and synthetic fibers (69). These same compounds react with aldehydes and the products are useful as food antioxidants (70). A cross-linked polyethylene prepared with peroxides and other monomers in the presence of l,2-dihydro-6-ethoxyquinoline produces polymers with a chemically bonded antioxidant (71). 

Some commercial durable antistatic finishes have been Hsted in Table 3 (98). Early patents suggest that amino resins (qv) can impart both antisHp and antistatic properties to nylon, acryUc, and polyester fabrics. CycHc polyurethanes, water-soluble amine salts cross-linked with styrene, and water-soluble amine salts of sulfonated polystyrene have been claimed to confer durable antistatic protection. Later patents included dibydroxyethyl sulfone [2580-77-0] hydroxyalkylated cellulose or starch, poly(vinyl alcohol) [9002-86-2] cross-linked with dimethylolethylene urea, chlorotria2ine derivatives, and epoxy-based products. Other patents claim the use of various acryUc polymers and copolymers. Essentially, durable antistats are polyelectrolytes, and the majority of usehil products involve variations of cross-linked polyamines containing polyethoxy segments (92,99—101). 

The relative U.S. production of styrene homopolymer and copolymer resins is also noteworthy (103) (Fig. 6). The impact polystyrene (graft and polymer blend) copolymers are produced in nearly the same quantities as styrene homopolymers. The ABS resins are synthesized in lesser, yet significant, quantities. 

In addition to the polymers, copolymers and alloys already discussed, styrene and its derivatives have been used for the polymerisation of a wide range of polymers and copolymers. Two of the more important applications of styrene, in SBR and in polyester laminating resins, are dealt with in Chapters 11 and 25 respectively. 

A large variety of additional polymers and copolymers have been developed and evaluated for use as solid support. The most recently introduced and less-characterized resins are described elsewhere [96,97]. 

Vinyl chloride polymers and copolymers are called vinyl resins. Common comonomers for vinyl chloride are... 

Surfactants used as lubricants are added to polymer resins to improve the flow characteristics of the plastic during processing they also stabilise the cells of polyurethane foams during the foaming process. Surfactants are either nonionic (e.g. fatty amides and alcohols), cationic, anionic (dominating class e.g. alkylbenzene sulfonates), zwitterionic, hetero-element or polymeric (e.g. EO-PO block copolymers). Fluorinated anionic surfactants or super surfactants enable a variety of surfaces normally regarded as difficult to wet. These include PE and PP any product required to wet the surface of these polymers will benefit from inclusion of fluorosurfactants. Surfactants are frequently multicomponent formulations, based on petro- or oleochemicals. 

Relatively small changes in comonomer content can result in significant changes in physical or chemical properties. Polymer resin manufacturers exploit such relationships to control the properties of their products. The composition of a copolymer controls properties such as stiffness, heat distortion temperature, printability, and solvent resistance. For example, polypropylene homopolymer is brittle at temperatures below approximately 0 °C however, when a few percent ethylene is incorporated into the polymer backbone, the embrittlement temperature of the resulting copolymer is reduced by 20 °C or more. 

Vinyl chloride polymers and copolymers are often referred to as vinyl resins. PVC is the most important member of the vinyl resin family, which includes polyvinyl acetate (PVAC), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinylidene chloride (PVdC) and polyvinyl acetal. Almost always the term PVC includes polymers of VCM as well as copolymers that are mostly VCM. 

Describes open cell foamed articles including silane-grafted single-site initiated polyolefin resins. The olefin polymer resin can be a polyethylene, a copolymer of ethylene, a C3-C20 alpha-olefin, or a copolymer of ethylene, a C3-20 alpha-olefin and a C4-C20 diene. The open cell foamed articles have good cushioning properties and can be non-allergenic. 

The resins used are polymers and copolymers of the esters of acrylic and methacrylic acids. They range in physical properties from soft elastomers to hard plastics, and are used in cementitious compounds in much the same manner as SBR latex. Acrylics are reported to have better UV stability than SBR latex and therefore remain flexible under exterior exposure conditions longer than SBR latex [88]. 

The use of a protective polymer film as barrier has been proposed. This barrier consists essentially of a thermoplastic poly(ester) resin, which is a homopolymer or copolymer adduct of an aromatic dicarb-oxylic acid in an active hydrogen-containing material. However, this poly(ester) resin copolymer has a poor compatibility with styrene resins. Thus, the protective polymer film lacks the desired regrind capability. 

The polymers described above have been chemically pure, although physically helerodisperse. It is oflen possible lo combine two or more of these monomers in the same molecule to form a copolymer. This process produces still further modification of molecular properties and, in turn, modification of the physical properties of file product. Many commercial polymers are copolymers because of the blending of properties achieved in this way. For example, one of the important new polymers of the past ten years has been the family of copolymers of acrylonitrile, butadiene and styrene, commonly called ABS resins. The production of these materials has grown rapidly in a short period of time because of their combination of dimensional stability and high impact resistance. These properties are related to the impact resistance of acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber and the dimensional stability of polystyrene, which are joined in the same molecule. 

It is known that most mixtures of elastomers and resinous copolymers are rather polydisperse, their incompatibility giving rise to poor interfacial adhesion. Preferably, a resinous monomer or monomers are grafted to the rubber, and they act as a link between the rubber and the resin phases. As Rosen (13) has pointed out, one means of predicting the affinities of polymer pairs from measurable properties is through the use of the solubility parameter, and this has proved useful in this study. The solubility parameter concept was originally derived from the thermody-... 

About 1.1 billion lb of phthalic anhydride are produced annually in the United States. The major uses are in plasticizers, alkyd resins, and unsaturated polyester resins. The plasticizers are esters made by reacting two moles of an alcohol, such as 2-ethylhexanol, with one mole of phthalic anhydride. These plasticizers find major use in vinyl chloride polymers and copolymers. Alkyd resins are a type of polyester resin used in surface coatings. The most rapidly growing end use is in unsaturated polyester resins for reinforced plastics. 

Acetal resin is a general term used for high molecular weight polymers and copolymers derived from formaldehyde. The name of polyoxymethylene conforms better with the structure of the repeat unit (—OCH2—) . In... 

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