Styrene-divinyl benzene copolymer

Polymetric matrix Polydiallyldimethylammonium bromide [9] Polypyrrole [10[ Poly (MA -dimethyb-S -pyrrolidinium bromide [11J Styrene-divinyl benzene copolymers [4] Polyacrylamide [12]... 

Aromatic electrophilic substitution is used commercially to produce styrene polymers with ion-exchange properties by the incorporation of sulfonic acid or quaternary ammonium groups [Brydson, 1999 Lucas et al., 1980 Miller et al., 1963]. Crosslinked styrene-divinyl-benzene copolymers are used as the starting polymer to obtain insoluble final products, usually in the form of beads and also membranes. The use of polystyrene itself would yield soluble ion-exchange products. An anion-exchange product is obtained by chloromethylation followed by reaction with a tertiary amine (Eq. 9-38) while sulfonation yields a cation-exchange product (Eq. 9-39) ... 

Styrene divinyl benzene copolymers (PS-DVB), either porous or rigid, are stable over the whole pH range. Calculated In ku, values on these sorbents are higher than those on C,8. Consequently, moderately polar compounds that are not retained by Cl8 silica are more readily concentrated on these sorbents. 

Porapak-PS 250 Styrene-divinyl benzene copolymer Similar to Porapak-P Silanized Porapak-P condition at 250° C... 

J. W. Kelly and J. T. Stewart, Separation of selected beta lactam antibiotic epimers on gamma cyclodextim ion exchange ethylvinyl benzene divinylbenzene copolymer and poly(styrene-divinyl benzene) copolymer stationary phases, J. Liquid Chromatogr., 14 2235(1991). 

The majority of LC separations in CW analysis use stationary phases that separate analytes on the basis of hydrophobic interactions under reversed phase conditions, that is, they retain hydrophobic analytes more strongly than polar ones. The most commonly used stationary phases are based on 3-7 (commonly 3 or 5) micron-sized silica particles coated with bonded alkyl phases, or polymeric particles such as styrene-divinyl benzene copolymer. Bonded reversed phase silicas in decreasing order of hydrophobicity are Cl8 (ODS), octyl (C8), phenyl,... 

Huber, C., Oefner, P., and Bonn, G. (1992). High-resolution liquid chromatography of oligonucleotides on non-porous alkylated-styrene-divinyl benzene copolymers. Anal. Biochem. 212, 351-358. 

Functionalization of crosslinked polymers by Mannich reaction" includes mainly polystyrenes and polyacrylics such as styrene/divinyl benzene copolymers 537-539114-117 gpjj acrylic ester/divinyl benzene copolymers 540, respectively." These materials are involved in the reaction as substrate (539)" or, more frequently, as amine reagent (sec also Fig. 163, Chap. Ill) when the crosslinked product, containing amino groups, is allowed to react with phosphorous acids (537,538, and 540). Thus, chelating properties are assumed by the resins. 

Aramaki et al.15 studied the chromatographic behaviour of some alkaloids on a macroporous styrene-divinyl benzene copolymer (see Fig.8.6 and Table 8.4). The influence of changes in the mobile phase on the retention was studied. 

Column Hitachi Gel 3010 (macroporous styrene-divinyl benzene copolymer), 10 ym (220x4.6 mm ID), mobile phase acetonitrile - water (6 4) containing 0.02 M ammonia, flow rate 2 ml/min, detection UV 254 nm. (see also Table 8.4). Peaks 1, morphine 2, codeine 3, papaverine 4, yohimbine 5, noscapine 6, reserpine.(reproduced with permission from ref. 43, by courtesy of the American Chemical Society)... 

In reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) silylated silicas are preferred. The surface of these silicas is covered with chemically bonded non-polar groups such as alkyl chains or polymeric layers (Chapter 3.2.3). Silica modified with medium polar groups such as cyano, diol or amino might be used in NP as well as RP mode. Alternatively, cross-linked polymers such as hydrophobic styrene divinyl benzene-copolymers can be used (Chapter 3.2.4). Polymer packings show stability in a pH range 2-14 while silica based packings show limited stability for pH > 7. 

Styrene-divinyl benzene copolymer with 15% crosslinking was synthesised by the suspension polymerization technique using benzoyl peroxide as an initiator [5]. After polymerization the beads were washed with distilled water, water ethanol (1 1) mixture and ethanol. It was finally, soxhlet extracted with ethanol benzene (1 1) mixture. 

In a separate series of experiment commercially available styrene divinyl benzene copolymer (XAD-8) was taken as a polymer support. 

Synthesised catalysts were named as NPML where N=percent crosslinking, P = styrene-divinyl benzene copolymer, M = Metal (Ru) and L=Ligand (DAP). The following catalysts were prepared. 

Other o-nitrophenol-containing resins have been prepared with the aim of increasing the distance between the reactive center and the macromolecular backbone, which should accelerate the active ester formation by achieving an easier approach of the reagents. Thus, the Friedel-Crafts alkylation of styrene-divinyl-benzene copolymer with 4-hydroxy-3-nitrobenzyl chloride promoted by aluminium trichloride gave 4-hydroxy-3-nitrobenzylated polystyrene (70) (approximately 30% of the aromatic rings of the polymer were substituted according to elemental... 

Polymer supported Palladium(II) complex catalyst was synthesised using chloromethylated styrene-divinyl benzene copolymer as a support by sequential attachment of glycine and a metal salt solution. It was characterized using various methods such as IR, UV-Vis, ESR, DTA-TGA, SEM and surface area measurement. Swelling studies, moisture content and bulk density have also been investigated. The catalytic activity of the catalyst was tested for the oxidation of toluene. The effect on it of various parameters has been seen. The recycling efficiency has also been studied. 

Thanks are due to Prof. A.C.Shah, Head, Chemistry Department for providing necessary facilities, to catalysis group, IPCL, Baroda as also to Ion exchange (India) Ltd., for donating the chloromethylated sample of styrene-divinyl benzene copolymer. 

Both anion and cation hydrocarbon-type exchange membranes (styrene-divinyl-benzene copolymer type) are generally stable in ordinary concentrations of acid solutions (about 40% sulfuric acid, 10% hydrochloric acid, 20% nitric acid, 50% acetic acid) and in alkali solutions such as sodium hydroxide (5%), ammonia (4%), etc.64 However, ion exchange membranes using ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, sulfoethyl methacrylate, and other acrylic and methacrylic esters, are less stable than styrene-divinylbenzene type membranes. 

A partial listing of available resins is given in Table 9. The Sepabeads adsorbents were introduced commercially in the mid 1980s (Mitsubushi Kasei) and were designed with a density of approx 1.2 g/L, achieved by bromination of the styrene divinyl benzene copolymer base matrix. A beneficial side effect of the bromination was that the surface hydrophobicity was increased relative to the naked polymer. In the case of P-lactam antibiotics such as cephalosporin C, the capacity was more than doubled from 25-50 g/L for the HP series (Mitsubushi Kasei Corp.) to 90-120g/L for Sepabeads. The Streamline adsorbents for proteins were introduced in 1993 (Pharmacia) and also feature a well-defined density of 1.2 g/L achieved by inclusion of an inert core material m the matrix. 

Column 150 X 4.6 5 pm PLRP-S styrene-divinyl benzene copolymer (Polymer Laboratories)... 

A simultaneous way of determining ammonia including aliphatic amines, aromatic amines, and phenols in environmental samples by GC-MS method using a single derivatization reagent has been reported recently by Mishra et al. The method consisted in precolumn formation of benzoate esters and benzamides under the conditions of the Schotten-Baumann procedure with benzoyl chloride and SPE of the derivatives. The limit of detection of ammonia was 20 /rg/l when 80 ml of sample was preconcentrated, after derivatization, on a styrene divinyl benzene copolymer sorbent. 

Gas chromatography columns for interplanetary exploration should be very efficient, due to the stringent demands imposed on payload. Porous-layer open tubular (PLOT) columns loaded with a styrene-divinyl benzene copolymer showed better performance than Cromosorb 103 or Porapak Q columns in the analysis of low molecular weight hydrocarbons and nitriles. Potassium chloride-deactivated alumina PLOT columns, on the other hand, were not good for the intended purpose, because low molecular weight nitriles were difficult to elute. Wall coated open tubular (WCOT) columns with a stationary chemically bonded phase of dimethyl siloxane have the mechanical resilience to endure the conditions of extraterrestrial exploration and separated efficiently C1-C4 nitriles. Permanent gases were analysed in the presence of hydrocarbons and nitriles with a PLOT capillary column. The equilibrium constant for the interaction of nitrile groups with various solutes was determined by GLC. ... 

Fig. 8.6 Structure of sulfonic acid catalysts based on sulfonated styrene-divinyl benzene copolymers...

Millar, J. A., Smith, D. G., Marr, W. E., and Kresmarm, T. R. E. Solvent modified polymer networks. Part 1. The preparation and characterization of expanded-networks and macro-porous styrene-DVB copolymers and their sulfonates. J Cherw Soc, pp. 218-225 (1963). Kun KA, Kunin R. Macroreticular resins III. Formation of macroreticular styrene-divinyl-benzene copolymers. JPolym Sci, PartAl, Polym Chem, 6,2689-2701 (1968). 

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