Hydrocarbons in soil

Tsao C-W, H-G Song, R Bartha (1998) Metaholism of benzene, toluene, and xylene hydrocarbons in soil. Appl Environ Microbiol 64 4924-4929. 

Mulroy, PT, L-T Ou (1998) Degradation of tetraethyllead during the degradation of leaded gasoline hydrocarbons in soil. Environ Toxicol Chem 17 777-782. 

Andersson BE, S Lundstedt, K Tornberg, Y Schniirer, LG Oberg, B Mattiasson (2003) Incomplete degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil inoculated with wood-rotting fungi and their effect on the indigenous soil bacteria. Environ Toxicol Chem 22 1238-1243. 

Madsen T, P Kristensen (1997) Effects of bacterial inoculation and nonionic surfactants on degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil. Environ Toxicol Chem 16 631-637. 

Bulman, T.L., Lesage, S., Fowlie, P., Webber, M.D. (1987) The fate of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in soil. In Oil in Fresh Water Chemistry, Biology, Countermeasure Technology. Vandermeulan, J.H., Hurley, S.E., Editors, Pergamon Press, New York. 

Blumer, M., Youngblood, W. W., Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soils and Recent Sediments, Science, 188, 53 (1975). 

The Gore Amplified Geochemical lmagingSM technique, like soil geochemistry, shows anomalous concentrations of sulfides and hydrocarbons in soils over the kimberlite. 

Yang et al. [2] have compared sorbent trapping with solvent trapping after the supercritical fluid extraction of volatile petroleum hydrocarbons in soil. Sorbent trapping yielded quantitative collections of n-alkanes as volatile as n-hexane, while solvent trapping effectively collected w-alkanes as volatile as n-octane. 

Concawe [8] have described a method for the determination of aliphatic hydrocarbons in soil based on carbon tetrachloride extraction followed by infrared spectroscopy or gas chromatography. 

The Curie Point flash evaporation-pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometric method [32] described in section 2.2.1.2 for the analysis of aromatic hydrocarbons in soils has also been applied to the determination of heteroaromatic compounds (Table 2.2) such as methyledene, isomeric methylidenes, biphenyl and methylbenzofurans. 

Robbat et al. [42] carried out on-site detection of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in soils using thermal desorption gas chromatography-mass spectrometry on hexane extracts of soils. 

Barnabas et al. [51] have discussed an experimental design approach for the extraction of polyaromatic hydrocarbons from soil using supercritical carbon dioxide. They studied 16 different polyaromatic hydrocarbons using pure carbon dioxide and methanol modified carbon dioxide. The technique is capable of determining down to lOOmg kgy1 polyaromatic hydrocarbons in soils. 

Huettenhain and Windrich [57] described a novel extraction method for polyaromatic hydrocarbons in soil in which the samples were first modified by grinding with silica gel to destroy the interaction between the analytes... 

Supercritical fluid extraction with carbon dioxide has been applied to the determination of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in soil. 

Immunochemical methods have been employed to determine polyaromatic hydrocarbons in soils [63, 64], On-site analysis is possible by this technique. 

Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography with photodiode array detection was used for the determination of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in soil [65]. A detection limit of lOpg and linear calibration over five orders were observed. Compared to a standard gas chromatographic analysis method, the miscellar electrokinetic chromatographic method is faster, has a higher mass sensitivity and requires smaller sample sizes. 

Concawe Report 9/72 (1972 ) Hydrocarbons in Soil. Method v/72 v/1-6, November. 

Methods have been described for determining chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons in soil and chemical waste disposal site samples. The latter method involves a simple hexane extraction and temperature programmed gas chromatographic analysis using electron capture detection and high resolution glass capillary columns. Combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to confirm the presence of the chlorocarbons in the samples [4],... 

The benzene-water extraction gas chromatographic procedure described in section 2.1.1.1 for the determination of aliphatic hydrocarbons in soil has also been applied to the determination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins in soil [73],... 

Natural Attenuation of Diesel-Range Hydrocarbons in Soil... 

Site Conditions Favorable for Natural Attenuation of Diesel-Range Hydrocarbons in Soil, McChord Air Force Base, Washington... 

One particular method is designed to characterize Ce to C28+ petroleum hydrocarbons in soil as a series of aliphatic and aromatic carbon range fractions. The extraction methodology differs from other petroleum hydrocarbon methods because it uses n-pentane, not methylene chloride, as the extraction solvent. If methylene chloride is used as the extraction solvent, aliphatic and aromatic compounds cannot be separated. 

Freon-extractable material is reported as total organic material from which polar components may be removed by treatment with silica gel, and the material remaining, as determined by infrared (IR) spectrometry, is defined as total recoverable petroleum hydrocarbons (TRPHs, or total petroleum hydrocarbons-IR). A number of modifications of these methods exist, but one particular method (EPA 418.1 see also EPA 8000 and 8100) has been one of the most widely used for the determination of total petroleum hydrocarbons in soils. Many states use or permit the use of this method (EPA 418.1) for identification of petroleum products and during remediation of sites. This method is subject to limitations, such as interlaboratory variations and inherent inaccuracies. In addition, methods that use Preon-113 as the extraction solvent are being phased out and the method is being replaced by a more recent method (EPA 1664) in which n-hexane is used as the solvent and the n-hexane extractable material (HEM) is treated with silica gel to yield the total petroleum hydrocarbons. 

A superior approach to determination of total petroleum hydrocarbons in soil is the summation of areas for specific ranges of hydrocarbons. This allows a better profiling of the contaminants and also confers the ability to trace the source of the pollutant. Typical ranges for the hydrocarbon profiles are n-Cio to n-Ci4, n-Cis to n-C2o, n-C2i to n-C26, and n-C2i to n-Css. However, one must be cautious in the application of statistical methods to the determination, insofar as such methods are only as good as the information and assumptions used. Recall Garbage in, garbage out ... 

A project at the University of Idaho (FEDRIP 1996) will study the biodegradation of several halogenated hydrocarbons in soils amended with plant residues from various Brassica cultivars (e.g., rape seed). These residues contain chemicals that may help catalyze the degradation of some chlorinated hydrocarbons. 

Martens, D.A. and Frankenberger, W.T., Jr. Enhanced degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil treated with an advanced oxidative process - Fenton s reagent, J. Soil Contam., 4(2) 175-190, 1995. 

Tang J., H-H. Liste, and M. Alexander (2002). Chemical assays of availability to earthworms of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil. Chemosphere 48 35 2. 

BioSolve is a commercially available biodegradable surfactant that is used to enhance bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons in soil and water. According to the vendor, BioSolve emulsifies and encapsulates petroleum-based products so that they become nonflammable and more readily bioavailable. Bioavailability is the combination substrate availability and substrate transport that allows for the initiation of bioremediation. 

Bossert, I. Bartha, R. (1986). Structure-biodegradability relationships of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 37, 490-5. 

Liu, Z., Laha, S. Luthy, R. G. (1990). Surfactant solubilization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil-water suspensions. Presented at the 15th Biennial International Conference sponsored by the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control, Kyoto, Japan. 

Ismailov, N. M. (1985). Biodegradation of oil hydrocarbons in soil inoculated with yeasts. Microbiology, 54, 670-5. 

Commonly used methods for the determination of petroleum hydrocarbons in soil are modifications of the EPA method 418.1, which uses sonication or Soxhlet extraction to separate the hydrocarbons from the soil prior to either infrared spectroscopy [ 1 ] or gas chromatography with flame ionisation detection [2,3]. 

Morel et al. [22] compared several methods for the determination of hydrocarbons in soil and found that molecular spectrofluorimety in a Shpoliskii matrix was rapid, accurate and could be automated. 

Headspace analysis, purge and trap analysis and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry have all been employed in determinations of gasoline hydrocarbons in soil, yielding detection limits as low as 5 xg/g [24,25]. 

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