Poly 4- styrenesulfone preparation

Materials. Four samples of sodium poly(styrenesulfonate) (NaPSS) prepared by sulfonation of polystyrenes with narrow molecular weight distribution were purchased from Pressure Chemical Co. The characteristics of the samples, according to the manufacturer, are listed in Table I. The intrinsic viscosities of NaPSS in aqueous NaCl solution were measured using an Ubbelhode viscometer at 25 °C. 

Polystyrene stereo structures, 70 180-183 Poly(styrenesulfonic acid) (PSSA) 23 720 preparation of, 20 467-468 synthesis of, 23 535 Polystyrene Wang resin, coupling of aromatic... 

In the methodology developed by us [24], the incompatibility of the two polymers was exploited in a positive way. The composites were obtained using a two-step method. In the first step, hydrophilic (hydrophobic) polymer latex particles were prepared using the concentrated emulsion method. The monomer-precursor of the continuous phase of the composite or water, when that monomer was hydrophilic, was selected as the continuous phase of the emulsion. In the second step, the emulsion whose dispersed phase was polymerized was dispersed in the continuous-phase monomer of the composite or its solution in water when the monomer was hydrophilic, after a suitable initiator was introduced in the continuous phase. The submicrometer size hydrophilic (hydrophobic) latexes were thus dispersed in the hydrophobic (hydrophilic) continuous phase without the addition of a dispersant. The experimental observations indicated that the above colloidal dispersions remained stable. The stability is due to both the dispersant introduced in the first step and the presence of the films of the continuous phase of the concentrated emulsion around the latex particles. These films consist of either the monomer-precursor of the continuous phase of the composite or water when the monomer-precursor is hydrophilic. This ensured the compatibility of the particles with the continuous phase. The preparation of poly(styrenesulfonic acid) salt latexes dispersed in cross-linked polystyrene matrices as well as of polystyrene latexes dispersed in crosslinked polyacrylamide matrices is described below. The two-step method is compared to the single-step ones based on concentrated emulsions or microemulsions. 

Table It. Representative compositions in the preparation of poly(styrenesulfonic acid) salt and poystyrene latexes...

Table 12. Molecular weight of poly(styrenesulfonic acid) salt prepared at 40 °C by the concentrated emulsion and solution methods...

A supramolecular approach is usually employed in the preparation of such materials. Commonly used base polymers are ionomers containing sulfonate groups, such as poly(styrenesulfonate). Azo-containing molecules are frequently employed for the side-chain mesogen [95]. 

Zhang and Bazuin reported the preparation of a series of ionically bonded side-chain polymer complexes, synthesized by 1 1 complexation of poly(styrenesulfonate) and quaternary ammonium-functionalized azo-containing surfactomesogens with hexyl and decyl spacers. Care was taken to work in extremely dry conditions to accomplish such syntheses. In most cases, the very strong ionic interactions lead to a crystalline structure, but in some instances, lamellar mesophases appeared. A very extensive annealing process was in many cases necessary to induce the formation of the mesophases because the chains were very less mobile, due to the relatively high... 

Zhang and coworkers chose a base polymer alternative to poly(styrenesulfonate) and prepared SCLCP with a polysiloxane backbone [102]. Differently from the previous cases, side groups were linked to the main chain by covalent bonding. 

Michaels AS, Miekka RG. Polycation-polyanion complexes preparation and properties of poly(vinylbenzyltrimethylammonium) poly(styrenesulfonate). J Phys Chem 1961 65(10) 1765-1773(a). Micheals AS, Mir I, Schneider NS. A conductometric study of polycation-polyanion reactions in dilute aqueous solution. J Phys Chem 1965 69(10) 1447-1455(b). 

The UPS spectra of lying pentacene (PEN) on Au(lll) [9] and standing PEN on a conducting polymer substrate [10] [poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly (styrenesulfonate) - PEDT PSS] have been reported before details on sample preparation and measurements can be found in these earlier reports. 

A.S. Michaels and R.G. Miekka, Polycation-polyanion complexes Preparation and properties of poly(vinylbenzyltrimethylammonium) and poly(styrenesulfonate), J. Phys. Chem., 1961, 65, 1765-1773 A.S. Michaels, L. Mir and N.S. Schneider, A conductometric study of polyaction-polyanion reactions in dilute solution, J. Phys. Chem., 1965, 69, 1447-1455 S.J. Reid, J. Th. Overbeek, W. Vieth and S.M. Fleming, Membrane potential differences with the polyelectrolyte complex - poly(vinyltrimethy-lammonium)-poly(styrenesulfonate), J. Colloid Polym. Sci., 1968, 26, 222-229, O. Yano and Y. Wada, Effect of sorbed water on dielectric and mechanical properties nf nnlvinn enmnlex../ Ann Polvm. Sci.. 1980. 25. 1723-1735. 

The RRDE can also be used to study electrochemical processes at electrodes modified with thin polymer films (Chapter 14). In this application, the polymer film is prepared on the disk, and the ring monitors the flux of ions from the film during a potential sweep. For example, the flux of the cation, 1,3-dimethylpyridinium, from a film of polypyrrole/poly(styrenesulfonate) was monitored at the ring electrode, as the disk was cycled in an acetonitrile solution over the potential region where reduction and oxidation of the film occurred (27). 

G. H. Kim, D. H. Hwang, S. I. Woo, Thermoelectric Properties of Nanocomposite Thin Films Prepared with Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene) Poly(Styrenesulfonate) and Graphene. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2012,14,3530. 

Materials used for the case study included PEDOT PSS poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiop hene) poly(styrenesulfonate) 1.3 %wt in water (Sigma Aldrich), Dimethyl Sulfoxide (Fischer Scientific) and Surfynol (AirProducts). For drop cast conductivity and surface tension analysis, PEDOT PSS/DMSO(0-5 wt%) and PEDOT PSS/DMSO(0-5 wt%)/Surfynol mixtures were prepared at ambient conditions and allowed to mix in a sonication bath for 24 hours Samples were drop spread onto cleaned glass slides between the ends of conducting aluminium tapes. All samples were allowed to anneal in ambient conditions for 30 minutes at 130 °C. 

Non-destructive surface-functionalization of carbon nanofibers can be achieved by using poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) since PEDOT is an electron donor and carbon nanofiber is an electron acceptor [40]. PEDOT/carbon nanofiber nanocomposites can be prepared by chemical polymerization process. This includes an initial adsorption of EDOT monomers on the carbon nanofibers, which is followed by the polymerization process. The adsorption of monomers on the fiber surface occurs due to the electrostatic n-n interaction. PEDOT poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT PSS)/carbon nanofiber bilayer system is used particularly for electrode applications [41]. Such bilayer systems can be easily prepared with dip-coating technique.The advantage of dip-coating is that only a small amount of polymer will be adsorbed on the carbon nanofiber surface and hence nanometer thick coating is achievable. The surface area of electroactive materials can be enhanced in such bilayer systems prepared with carbon nanofibers. 

Among the first well-characterized narrow-MWD standards for aqueous SEC were sodium salts of poly(styrenesulfonic acid) (NaPSS), prepared by the method of Carroll and Eisenberg (44), and subsequently made commercially available by Pressure Chemical Co. A number of reports deal with the chromatographic behavior of NaPSS on CPG, with particular attention to the effect of ionic strength. 

Poly(styrenesulfonic acid) and Its Salts. Poly(styrenesulfonic add) (PSSA) (6) (Fig. 37) may be prepared by free-radical polymerization of the monomer in solution using the free acid, sodium, or potassium salt 4A form. 

Coprecipitation. PolymCT-interleaved LDH can be made by precipitating LDH from basic solution in the presence of dissolved polymeric anion. Oriakhi et al. used this method to prepare LDH-poly(acrylate), LDH-poly(vinylsulfonate), and LDH-poly(styrenesulfonate) (219, 220,689a). 

Polyaniline (PANi) has been studied extensively for its electroactive characteristics and potential applications in electrical devices, such as polymer electrodes and sensors [46]. Semi-conductive membranes from PVDF/PANi blends in V-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) solutions were prepared by phase inversion in an aqueous solution of poly(styrenesulfonic acid) (PSSA) [47]. Entrapment of a stoichiometric amount of PSSA dopant molecules into the blend membrane occurred during phase inversion process and gave rise to a semi-conductivity membrane. At a PANi content of above 15 wt%, the entrapped PSSA chains were present in stoichiometric amount and dispersed evenly throughout the blend membrane. The membranes prepared by this method had an asymmetry structure with a dense skin layer and a porous inner layer. The surface resistance of the blend membrane decreased with the increase in PANi weight fraction. A surface resistance of about 10 i2/cm was obtained for the PSSA-doped PVDF/PANi (65/35, w/w) membrane. 

The sulfonyl groups in poly(styrenesulfonate) serve as the counterions of poly(3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene). The preparation was done by a solution casting method. 

One of the reasons why poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (FEDOT) has become a successful conductive polymer is the availability as a polymer dispersion. In combination with poly(styrenesulfonic acid) (PSS) as a counterion, a polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) can be prepared that forms a stable dispersion, which is producible on an industrial scale and can be used in many deposition techniques. To understand the function of PSS and the requirements for the formation of a stable PEC, this chapter will start with a general view on polyelectrolyte complexes. This is followed by a section on the synthesis and properties of PEDOT PSS dispersions, the properties of PEDOTPSS films, and the function of conductivity enhancement agents. 

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