Solution aqueous NaCl

FIG. 8 Density profiles in a 4 m aqueous NaCl solution at 25°C. The semi-permeable membranes are at about 5 and 15 [25]. 

Solutions introduced directly into the bloodstream have to be isotonic with blood that is, they must have the same osmotic pressure as blood. An aqueous NaCl solution has to be 0.90% by mass to be isotonic with blood. What is the molarity of sodium ions in solution Take the density of the solution to be 1.00 g/mL. 

Fig. 5. Influence of pressure on swelling of two samples of partly ionized PAAm hydrogels in 0.01 N aqueous NaCl solution solid curve — uniaxial, dashed curves — isotropic swelling as obtained by calculation. Points on the y-axis correspond to the free swelling. From Dubrovskii etal. [22]...

Trans-4-Octene oxide 1885 (1.2 mmol), then hexamethyldisilane 857 (1.8 mmol) in 5 mL HMPA, are added, at 65 °C under argon, to 0.2 mmol potassium methox-ide in 10 mL anhydrous HMPA. After 3 h stirring at 65 °C and cooHng to room temperature saturated aqueous NaCl solution is added to the reaction mixture, which is then extracted with pentane. The pentane extracts are combined and dried with Na2S04 and analyzed by vapor phase chromatography (VPC) to reveal the formation of 99% cis 4-octene 1887 [103] (Scheme 12.71). 

Investigations of the solubilization of water and aqueous NaCl solutions in mixed reverse micellar systems formed with AOT and nonionic surfactants in hydrocarbons emphasized the presence of a maximum solubilization capacity of water, occurring at a certain concentration of NaCl, which is significantly influenced by the solvent used [132],... 

Hummer, G. Soumpasis, D. M. Neumann, M., Computer simulations do not support Cl-Cl pairing in aqueous NaCl solution, Mol. Phys. 1993, 81, 1155-1163. 

Adsorption of sodium poly(styrenesulfonate) from aqueous NaCl solutions onto a platinum plate at 25 °C was studied by ellipsometry as functions of molecular weight and concentration of NaCl. 

The aim of this paper is to offer experimental results for the molecular weight dependence of adsorption of polystyrene-sulfonate) onto a platinum plate from aqueous NaCl solution at 25 °C. Measurements of poly(styrenesulfonate) adsorption were carried out by ellipsometry. The dependences of molecular weight and added salt concentration on the thickness of the adsorbed layer and also the adsorbances of polymer and salt are examined. 

Materials. Four samples of sodium poly(styrenesulfonate) (NaPSS) prepared by sulfonation of polystyrenes with narrow molecular weight distribution were purchased from Pressure Chemical Co. The characteristics of the samples, according to the manufacturer, are listed in Table I. The intrinsic viscosities of NaPSS in aqueous NaCl solution were measured using an Ubbelhode viscometer at 25 °C. 

From the measured refractive indices and densities for NaPSS in aqueous NaCl solution the molar refractivities and the apparent molar ion volumes were calculated. The following values were obtained R jaCl = 9.23 cm /mol, R O = 3.73 cnP/mol,... 

Figure 12.7t-A isotherm for 1,2-dimyristoyl lecithin at an n-heptane-aqueous NaCl solution interface. The numerals on the curves are the temperatures given in Celsius.

Table 5 Temperature Effect on Data and Results of Fit for Aqueous NaCl Solutions - Mean Ionic Activity Coefficient Data...

Fig. 10.25. Reaction pathway of butadiene monoxide (10.102) in aqueous NaCl solution to yield l,2-dichloro-3,4-epoxybutane (10.111) [168], The sequence involves the intermediate...

Solvolysis of butadiene monoxide (10.102) in saline solution is a rather unexpected reaction that further documents this compound s reactivity [168]. In aqueous NaCl solution at physiological pH and temperature, butadiene monoxide disappeared rapidly to form 1,2-dichloro-3,4-epoxybutane (10.111, Fig. 10.25). There was a linear dependence of the rate of reaction on the Cl concentration (in the range investigated (34-135 mM)). The reaction pathway was described as slow solvolytic formation of the bu-tenylchloronium ion, followed by Cl attack to yield Cl2 and butadiene. Cl2 is then rapidly trapped by a second molecule of butadiene monoxide to form a different chloronium ion that also reacts with Cl to yield the final, stable dichloro product (10.111). The formation of 1,2-dichloro-3,4-epoxy-butane under physiological conditions is believed to be toxicologically significant. 

Sonoelectrochemical destruction of dyes has also been investigated. Solutions of the acidic dye Sandolan Yellow have been decolourised by a sonoelectrochemical process in aqueous saline solution using platinum electrodes [42]. The process entails the electrolysis of aqueous NaCl solution which involves the liberation of chlorine at the anode and hydroxide ion at the cathode. The overall cell reaction is ... 

Earlier, Gavach et al. studied the superselectivity of Nafion 125 sulfonate membranes in contact with aqueous NaCl solutions using the methods of zero-current membrane potential, electrolyte desorption kinetics into pure water, co-ion and counterion selfdiffusion fluxes, co-ion fluxes under a constant current, and membrane electrical conductance. Superselectivity refers to a condition where anion transport is very small relative to cation transport. The exclusion of the anions in these systems is much greater than that as predicted by simple Donnan equilibrium theory that involves the equality of chemical potentials of cations and anions across the membrane—electrolyte interface as well as the principle of electroneutrality. The results showed the importance of membrane swelling there is a loss of superselectivity, in that there is a decrease in the counterion/co-ion mobility, with greater swelling. 

Zheng, D.-Q., Guo, T.-M., and Knapp, H. Experimental and modeling studies on the solubility of CO2, CHCIF2, CHF3, C2H2F4 and C2H4F2 in water and aqueous NaCl solutions under low pressures, Fluid Phase Equilib., 129(l-2) 197-209, 1997. 

Figure 8.11 shows activity coefficients for gaseous molecules dissolved in aqueous NaCl solutions at various molalities (F = 15 and 25 °C P = 1 bar). The coefficients converge on 1 at zero ionic strength. Each species also has distinct values, at any /. 

Ill) on the contrary is highly soluble (without any hydrolysis) in water, about 100 g/1, and could consequently be used in 0.9% aqueous NaCl solution (saline) as for both the i.p. and the i.v. (intraveinous) route. 

Prepare a nuxture of methanol/15% aqueous NaCl solution (2 1). 

Chlorine (Cl ) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) are two important chemicals produced by electrolysis. Chlorine and sodium hydroxide are generally among the top ten chemicals produced annually in the United States. The electrolysis of brine or aqueous NaCl solution is used to produce chlorine, sodium hydroxide, and hydrogen (Figure 14.14). The chloride ion in the brine solution is oxidized at the anode, while water is converted at the cathode according to the following reactions ... 

Two reversible electron transfer processes are observed at + 1.29 and —0.27 V versus Ag/AgCl for 17 in 0.1M aqueous NaCl solution the oxidation process is metal centered, while the reduction one is attributed to the first reduction of the viologen... 

A scintillation counter is used to measure tritium /3 particles adjacent to the surfaces of tritiated sodium dodecyl sulfate in 0.115 M aqueous NaCl solution and tritiated dodeca-nol in dodecanol. The former system is surface active and the latter is not, so the difference between the measured radioactivity above the two indicates the surface excess of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The number of counts per minute arising from the surface excess As is related to the surface excess in moles per square centimeter r by the relationship As = 4.7 x 1012 T1. Use the following data (25°C) to construct the adsorption isotherm for sodium dodecyl sulfate on 0.115 M NaCl ... 

Table 8.1 lists experimental CMC values for several ionic surfactants in water and aqueous NaCl solutions, as well as n and a values measured at the CMC. The data in Table 8.1, supplemented by numerous additional studies, allow us to make several generalizations about the state of aggregation and charge of micelles at the CMC ... 

The densities and volumetric specific heats of some alkali halides and tetraalkylammonium bromides were undertaken in mixed aqueous solutions at 25°C using a flow digital densimeter and a flow microcalorimeter. The organic cosolvents used were urea, p-dioxane, piperadine, morpholine, acetone, dime thy Isulf oxide, tert-butanol, and to a lesser extent acetamide, tetrahydropyran, and piperazine. The electrolyte concentration was kept at 0.1 m in all cases, while the cosolvent concentration was varied when possible up to 40 wt %. From the corresponding data in pure water, the volumes and heat capacities of transfer of the electrolytes from water to the mixed solvents were determined. The converse transfer functions of the nonelectrolyte (cosolvent) at 0.4m from water to the aqueous NaCl solutions were also determined. These transfer functions can be interpreted in terms of pair and higher order interactions between the electrolytes and the cosolvent. 

Table II. Transfer Parameters for Various Nonelectrolytes from Water to Aqueous NaCl Solutions at 25°C...

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