Pollution prevention study

The TCP approach is relatively simple and can be easily applied to studies involving comparisons of different equipments, different processes, or even parts of processes. CCP has now emerged as the most realistic approach that can be employed in economic project analyses. It is the recommended procedure for pollution-prevention studies. The LCC approach is usually applied to the life-cycle analysis (LCA) of a product or seiwice. It has found occasional application in projec t analysis. 

If an option proves to be technically ineffective or inappropriate, it is deleted from the list of potential alternatives. Either follo ving or concurrent with the technical evaluation, an economic study is performed, weighing standard measures of profitability such as payback period, investment returns, and net present value. Many of these costs (or, more appropriately, cost saving may be substantial yet are difficult to quantify. (Refer to Economic Considerations Associated with Pollution Prevention.)... 

Additionally, the EPA pubhshes a newsletter entitled Pollution Prevention News that contains information including EPA news, technologies, program updates, and case studies. The EPA s Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratoiy and the Center for Environmental Research Information has pubhshed several guidance documents, developed in cooperation with the California Department of Health Services. The manuals supplement generic waste reduction information presented in the EPA s Waste Minimization Opportunity Assessment Manual (Ref. 9). 

A pesticide manufacturing plant should prepare a hazard assessment and operability study and also prepare and implement an emergency preparedness and response plan that takes into account neighboring land use and the potential consequences of an emergency. Measures to avoid the release of harmful substances should be incorporated in the design, operation, maintenance, and management of the plant. Implementation of cleaner production processes and pollution prevention measures can yield both economic and environmental benefits. 

It should be emphasized, however, that pollution prevention techniques are, nevertheless, often more cost-effective than pollution reduction through end-of-pipe treatment technologies. A case study based on the Amoco/EPA joint study claimed that the same pollution reduction currently realized through end-of-pipe regulatory requirements at the Amoco facility could be achieved at 15% of the current costs using pollution prevention techniques. 

Prototype Study of Iruiustry Motivation for Pollution Prevention, EPA 100-R-96-001. Washington U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1996. 

Pollution Prevention Opportunity Checklists Case Studies, September 1993 832/F-93-006 NSCEP 832/F-93-006 ERIC W543. 

A recent study of programs for existing facilities of several companies reveals that a pollution-prevention initiative will tend to progress in stages.9 After a training period and an audit of the wastes in the process, the first reduction efforts emphasize the simple, obvious, and most cost-effective alternatives and are generally directed at extrinsic wastes. 

Craig, D.K., and J.Frye. 1988. Acute LC50 Nose Only Inhalation Toxicity Studies of Arsine in Rats [final report with cover letter to the Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, dated Feb. 21, 1992], Battelle, Columbus, OH. 

Nakanishi, J. Oka, T. (1998) The Importance of Risk-Benefit Analysis in Risk Management Decision Makings A Cast Study of a Mercury Pollution Prevention Measure in Japan. Paper presented to OECD Workshop, London. 

European Commission Directorate-General JRC (Joint Research Centre), Institute for Prospective Technological Studies (IPTS), Technologies for Sustainable Development, European IPPC Bureau (2000) Integrate Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) Reference Document on Best Available Techniques in the Chlor-Alkali Manufacturing Industry. IPTS, Seville, 2000. 

Wolf, K., 1992, Case Study — Pollution Prevention in the Dry Cleaning Industry A Small Business Challenge for the 1990s Pollution Prevention Review, Summer, pp. 311-330. 

The U.S. Bureau of Mines-Reno Research Center is conducting studies on the use of thiosulfate as an alternative to cyanide for refractory gold ores as a means of pollution prevention and on the fate of cyanide in solution after land application. 

Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, US EPA, OSHA, Div of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies, NIOSH, CDC Occupational fatalities associated with 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) exposure, 1980-1998. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 49(23) 516-518,Jun 16, 2000... 

National Pollution Prevention Center (1995) Case Study - Paint Spray Booth Cleaning Practices in the Automotive Industry, National Pollution Prevention Center (NCCP), University of Michigan, USA... 

This study identifies and examines source reduction, recycling, and treatment strategies for reducing California s metal-bearing waste streams. All of the strategies examined are alternatives to land disposal of the wastes. The methodologies stressed in the report are those that prevent the generation of hazardous wastes. Pollution prevention is preferable to "end-of-the-pipe treatment or recovery. 

In order to perform waste reduction and pollution prevention in reactor design, studying the effects of reaction... 

State pollution prevention offices or centers. Many states offer services to small- and medium-sized businesses (over 13,000 case studies are available on the Internet at www.P2PAYS.org)... 

During process conception, reaction pathways, inherent process safety, general environmental impacts of products, and waste streams are studied, and pollution prevention concepts are formulated. 

During laboratory studies, reaction chemistry is confirmed, waste streams are characterized, process variables are tested, pollution prevention options are identified, data are collected for the pilot plant and process design, and the potential impact of environmental regulations is determined. 

Four case studies are presented below which exemplify the role of the structured pollution prevention program methodology, the value of quickly defining the incentive for pollution prevention using the cost of end-of-pipe treatment, and the benefits of using the waste stream and process analyses to parse the problem at hand. Five case studies are also presented illustrating pollution prevention results at each of the stages described in Fig. 11. 

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