Pollution environmental accountability

US EPA 742-R-95-001 (1995) An introduction to environmental accounting as a business management tool key concepts and terms. US Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, Washington, DC... 

Pollution controls (IPC, info, audit) Environmental accounting Technological development Product policy... 

Muller NZ, Mendelsohn R, Nordhaus W. Environmental accounting for pollution in the United States economy. Am Econ Rev 2011 101 (5) 1649-1675. 

Pollutant Indicators Pollutants, Toxic Pollutants, Toxic Chemicals (see also Emissions Environmental Accountability)... 

In 1988 diaphragm cells accounted for 76% of all U.S. chlorine production, mercury cells for 17%, membrane cells for 5%, and all other production methods for 2%. Corresponding statistics for Canadian production are diaphragm cells, 81% mercury cells, 15% and membrane cells, 4% (5). for a number of reasons, including concerns over mercury pollution, recent trends are away from mercury cell production toward the more environmentally acceptable membrane cells, which also produce higher quality product and have favorable economics. 

Environmental Uses. Next to steel fluxing, environmental uses of lime are the biggest market, accounting for 24% of total lime consumption. These uses include air pollution control, water, sewage, and industrial wastewater treatment, hazardous waste treatment, etc. 

A pesticide manufacturing plant should prepare a hazard assessment and operability study and also prepare and implement an emergency preparedness and response plan that takes into account neighboring land use and the potential consequences of an emergency. Measures to avoid the release of harmful substances should be incorporated in the design, operation, maintenance, and management of the plant. Implementation of cleaner production processes and pollution prevention measures can yield both economic and environmental benefits. 

In general, capillary gas chromatography provides enough resolution for most determinations in environmental analysis. Multidimensional gas chromatography has been applied to environmental analysis mainly to solve separation problems for complex groups of compounds. Important applications of GC-GC can therefore be found in the analysis of organic micropollutants, where compounds such as polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs) (10), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) (10) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (11-15), on account of their similar properties, present serious separation problems. MDGC has also been used to analyse other pollutants in environmental samples (10, 16, 17). 

The problem has been recognized by many of the developers concerned, who have consequently themselves adopted the environmental standards of other industrialized nations. In the absence of national controls this is a responsible and laudable approach. However, the piecemeal adoption of standards taken from elsewhere does not take account of local conditions. These conditions may either enhance or limit the ability of the environment to disperse and attenuate or assimilate pollutants (e.g. the occurrence of temperature inversions will limit the dispersion of air pollutants). Similarly, the use to which local resources are put may demand particularly high standards of environmental quality (e.g. the use of sea water or river water as the basis of potable water supply). The choice of standards must also take into account local practices and existing local administration. 

The more difficult thing is to develop models that can, with reasonable confidence, be used to predict ecological effects. A detailed discussion of ecological approaches to risk assessment lies outside the scope of the present text. For further information, readers are referred to Suter (1993) Landis, Moore, and Norton (1998) and Peakall and Fairbrother (1998). One important question, already touched upon in this account, is to what extent biomarker assays can contribute to the risk assessment of environmental chemicals. The possible use of biomarkers for the assessment of chronic pollution and in regulatory toxicology is discussed by Handy, Galloway, and Depledge (2003). 

The main concern regarding tetraalkyl lead has been about human health hazards, a concern that has resulted in the progressive replacement of leaded petrol by unleaded petrol in most countries (Environmental Health Criteria 85). There has been particular concern about possible brain damage to children in polluted urban areas. Little work has been done on the effects of organolead compounds on wildlife or ecosystems, so the following account will be brief. 

Environmental Health Criteria 202 (1998). WHO, Geneva—Gives a very detailed account of the environmental toxicology of PAHs seen from the global point of view. However, it largely ignores marine pollution caused by oil spills. 

The criteria shall include limit values for pollutants where necessary and shall take into account any possible adverse environmental effects of the substance or object. 

USEtox (Rosenbaum et al. 2008 [42]) was used to address the continental scale. It can be applied to assess either ecotoxicity or human toxicity from different pollutants. It calculates characterization factors for human toxicity and freshwater ecotoxicity, taking into account the environmental fate, exposure and effects of the substance. 

In this case, a similar situation to the previous one of the environmental compartments occurs. The fact that the intake dose is calculated for the whole China population supposes that these intake doses are lower than the expected again. They are calculated taking into account the emissions coming mainly from the polluted spots but considering all the Chinese population as a potential receptor. However, not all the citizens are affected by these intake doses. In addition, as mentioned before the potential underestimation of the treated e-waste volume in China could be the cause of these low values. 

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