Total lime

Lime. The total toimage of quicklime and hydrated lime sold and used in 1992 was 16.2 x 10 t. Captive lime accounted for 11% of this total, nearly the same percentage as captive limestone. Captive lime production decreased drastically since the 1970s, falling from 6.7 x 10 t in 1973 to 1.82 X 10 in 1992. Whereas commercial lime production was at an all time high in 1992, total lime (commercial lime plus captive lime) was 18% below that... 

There were 113 commercial and captive lime plants in the United States as of 1993. Of these plants, the 10 largest produce about 35% of total lime output. Ohio is the largest lime producing state, followed by Peimsylvania, Missouri, Kentucky, Alabama, Texas, Illinois, Indiana, Virginia, and Arizona. 

Categories for total lime usage in 1991 are presented in Table 8. Steel and environmental uses predominate, accounting for 30 and 24% of the total, respectively. 

In 1991, the average value per metric ton of lime in bulk was reported to be 78.44 for agricultural lime, 68.12 for constmcfion lime, 54.90 for chemical lime, and 82.62 for refractory lime. The average value for total lime was 57.02/t. 

Environmental Uses. Next to steel fluxing, environmental uses of lime are the biggest market, accounting for 24% of total lime consumption. These uses include air pollution control, water, sewage, and industrial wastewater treatment, hazardous waste treatment, etc. 

Alamo. AQA Total Lime Protection Scheme. Promotional literature. Alamo Water Refiners, Inc., USA, 1999. 

Total ion chromatogram, mass spectrometer, 6 431 Total ion electrolyte concentration, determination of, 14 423 Total lime, 15 29... 

To summarize, let Mqm be the total lime requirement M odAsh be the total soda ash requirement and Msouds be the total sohds produced. Mqm is equal to the amount of lime used for the removals of the carbonate hardness of calcium (Mcaocaucoj). the carbonate hardness of magnesium (McaOMgHcOj). the noncarbonate hardness of magnesium (McaOMgCa). the requirement to neutralize the dissolved carbon dioxide (Mqioco) and the requirement to raise the pH to 10.4 for the precipitation of Mg(OH)2. Thus,... 

For the raw water of Example 10.8, using the lime-soda process in the split treatment mode to remove the total hardness to 130 mg/L as CaCOs containing magnesium hardness of 40 mg/L as CaC03, calculate the total lime needed. 

Total lime is an analytical term for the total CaO plus MgO content of a limestone or lime, expressed in terms of CaO equivalent. It includes the carbonates, oxides, hydroxides, silicates, aluminates, and ferrate. 

Industrial wastes are responsible for a great part of environment deterioration. The construction industry has the potential to absorb some of these wastes, in the use of mortars and concrete production. Kaolin wastes were used to replace part of or total lime for the manufacture of mortars. These mortars were studied to determine the influence of water/cement ratio on compressive strength. The results were compared with those obtained for cement-lime mortars. Water content was fixed by the flow table standard. The influence of water/cement ratio was more important for the kaolin waste mortars than for cement-lime mortars (Nobrega et al., 2009). 

Low Cement Castable. Alumina and aluminosilicate castable refractories containing hydraulic setting cement and which have a total lime (CaO) content of greater than 1.0 to 2.5% on a calcined basis. Ultra-low cement castables have a lime content from 0.2 to 1.0% (ASTM C401-91). 

Acetic Acid 50 216 102 G - - E immersed, comparison of heat transfer conditions with simple immersion test. Corrodent renewed every 48 hrs., total lime 96 hrs. 

Total lime for sensor manufacturing (nealy 15 hours)... 

CN] —> I + CN. Wavepacket moves and spreads in time, with its centre evolving about 5 A in 200 fs. Wavepacket dynamics refers to motion on the intennediate potential energy surface B. Reprinted from Williams S O and lime D G 1988 J. Phys. Chem.. 92 6648. (c) Calculated FTS signal (total fluorescence from state C) as a fiinction of the time delay between the first excitation pulse (A B) and the second excitation pulse (B -> C). Reprinted from Williams S O and Imre D G, as above. 

Mvailable lime, the total free lime (ie, CaO) content in a quicklime or hydrate, is the active constituent of a lime. It provides a means of evaluating the concentration of lime. 

Recovering ammonia as a by-product from other processes accounted for less than 1% of the total U.S. ammonia production in 1987. The principal source of by-product ammonia is from the coking of coal. In the coking operation, about 15—20% of the nitrogen present in the coal is Hberated as ammonia and is recovered from the coke oven gas as ammonium sulfate, ammonia Hquor, and ammonium phosphates. The recovery product depends on the scmbbing medium employed, sulfuric acid, milk of lime, and phosphoric acid, respectively. Ammonium sulfate recovery by the so-called semidirect process, is most widely employed. 

Polymeric coagulants do not affect pH therefore, the need for supplemental alkalinity, such as lime, caustic, or soda ash, is reduced or eliminated. Polymeric coagulants do not add to the total dissolved soHds concentration, eg, 1 ppm of alum adds 0.45 ppm of sulfate ion (expressed as CaCO ) the reduction ia sulfate can significantly extend the capacity of anion-exchange systems. 

Alkalinity Reduction. Treatment by lime precipitation reduces alkalinity. However, if the raw water alkalinity exceeds the total hardness, sodium bicarbonate alkalinity is present. In such cases, it is usually necessary to reduce treated water alkalinity in order to reduce condensate system corrosion or permit increased cycles of concentration. 

The needed amounts of lime and soda ash can be calculated from the stoichiometry of the reactions. The effluent quaUty is a function of the solubihties of calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide and of the quantities of softening chemicals added. The acceptable level of total hardness can be decided and usually is 70—120 mg/L (265—454 mg/gal), expressed as CaC03. The sum of the solubihties of calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide is ca 50—70 mg/L (190—265 mg/gal), depending upon the pH. The sum of the concentrations of the carbonic species HCO/ +, ... 

Drainage from active mining areas is considerably less than from inactive mines because of the disposal methods currently employed. Prior to discharge, Hquid effluents are limed and settled to precipitate metals as hydroxides. Elocculants are used to reduce the total suspended soHds and, in some instances, filtration of thickener overflow is practiced. 

Colas represent the largest segment of the U.S. soft drink market followed by lemon—lime brands. Pepper-type, juice-based, toot beer, and orange flavored soft drinks represent two to five percent of the total soft drink market (Fig. 4). Diet and caffeine-free categories represent the fastest growing segments of the market. 

---