Poland, mining

R. Pryde New Developments in Non-Destructive Testing of Hoisting Ropes.-Mine Hoisting 96, International Scientific and Technical Conf, 8-10 Oct. 1996, Gliwice, Poland, in 2 vol., vol. 2, pp. 22-24. 

Ozokerite and Geresin Waxes. 02okerite wax [8001-75-0] was a product of Poland, Austria, and in the former USSR where it was mined. Tme o2okerite no longer seems to be an article of commerce, and has been replaced with blends of petroleum-derived paraffin and microcrystalHne waxes. These blends are designed to meet the specific physical properties required by the appHcation involved. 

Hydrauhc transport is used in mines and for lifting coals to the surface in Russia, Poland, and France. Pneumatic transport of coal is used over short distances in power plants and steel mills. The longest (14.5 km) single flight conveyer belt in the world near Uniontown, Kentucky, has a capacity of 1360 t/h. 

FIGURE 15.7 Secondary changes in the total group composition of soluble organic matter as a result of simulated water washing extracts of the Miocene lignite and shale (both of the Bechatow open cast mine, Poland), the Upper Devonian shale (the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland), and the Upper Carboniferous bituminous coal (the Upper Silesia Coal Basin, Poland). 

A1 Mickiewicza Metals Faculty of Physics and Nuclear Techniques, University of Mining and Metallurgy, A1 Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland... 

After earning a lackluster Ph.D. from the University of Berlin in 1891, Haber wrote a friend, The thesis is miserable. One and a half years of new substances prepared like a baker s bread rolls.. . . One learns to be modest. In preparation for entering his father s business, he studied chemical technology in an alcohol distillery in Hungary, a Solvay soda factory in Austria, and a salt mine in Poland. His obligatory year in the Prussian army left him with a smart, military manner and a love of rank and discipline. His attempts to become a reserve officer failed, however, for this was a prestigious honor reserved for Christians, and Haber was Jewish. 

Frasch (1) A process for extracting sulfur from underground deposits, developed by H. Frasch between 1890 and 1902 at Sulfur Mine, LA. Three concentric pipes are inserted into a hole drilled into the deposit. The outermost pipe carries water superheated to 140 to 165°C, which melts the sulfur hot air is forced down the central pipe, which forces the molten sulfur up through the intermediate annular space. Only a small proportion of sulfur deposits have the appropriate geology for extraction in this way. Because of this invention, sulfur came to be exported from America to Europe, instead of from Sicily to America. In 1991 the process was operated in the United States, Mexico, Poland, and Iraq. 

The coal studied, 78% C and 15.8% 0 daf, is derived from Carboniferous deposits from the Ziemowit mine in Poland. Its petrographic composition /% vol. dmmf/ is vitrinite, 60 exinite, 12 and inertinite, 28. 

Herman Boerhaave (1668—1738) said in his New Method of Chemistry that Iron mines are common in most countries of Europe Norway, Poland, Germany, France, England, c. abound with them only America, which is so plentiful in gold and silver mines, has none of iron and accordingly, the natives prefer a metal of so much use infinitely beyond their own treasures (185). Although the Indians, as Boerhaave stated, did not know how to reduce iron ores, the New England colonists worked the bog iron ore of the Saugus River near Lynn, Massachusetts, as early as 1643 (186). 

Herman Boerhaave stated that the salt mines of Wieliczka, near Cracow, Poland, were discovered in the year 1251. He described them as a subterraneous republic, which has its polity, laws, families, and even high-ways and common carriers.. . . When a traveller is arrived at the bottom of this strange abyss,. . . he is surpriz d with a long series of lofty vaults. . . which. . . appear by the light of flambeaux. . . as so many crystals. . . casting a lustre which the eye can scarce bear (35). 

Helios, Rybicka, E. 1996. Environmental impact of mining and smelting industries in Poland. In Appleton, J. D., Fuge, R. McCall, G. J. H. (eds) Environmental Geochemistry and Health. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 113, 183-193. 

Sulfur is a, relatively abundant element, occurring as an impurity in many metal ores and fossil fuels. It also occurs in relatively pure form from which it can be mined via the Frasch process. Until recently Frasch mining was the major source of supply in the world with the largest producers being the U.S., Mexico and Poland. In the late 1960 s, recovery of sulfur as a by-product from "cleaning" operations began to accelerate rapidly. Sulfur recovery from... 

The greatest overseas increase in sulfur supplies is expected to occur in the Middle East (especially in Saudi Arabia), in Poland, in the USSR and in Japan. Increases in sulfur from the Middle East and Japan will be due to increased recovery, while Poland s increase will be due to a new Frasch mine. From the standpoint of the impact on world markets, sulfur production in Poland and the Middle East is of greatest significance. New sulfur produced in the USSR will be largely self-contained. The expansion in Japan will be used to supply Japan s internal growth and to supply the Far Eastern market, notably Korea and mainland China, thus helping to offset the anticipated gradual decrease in availability of sulfur from Western Canada. 

Cybulski s [48] extensive investigations in coal and rock have also solved the problem of the double detonation. It is now known that the deflagration of an explosive in the shothole may pass into detonation after a certain time. This occurs with particular ease in nitroglycerine explosives. The results of Cybulski s studies [48] are now taken into consideration in Poland in defining which explosives may be used in mining. 

Any explosive which is intended for use in mines has to satisfy certain requirements and to ensure overall safety. All mining explosives, both for coal and rock must be subjected to the tests before being licensed for use. The tests vary from one country to another. Those described below are based mainly on methods applied in Poland. 

To determine the sensitiveness to detonation of mining explosive in some countries (including Poland) special standard detonators have recently been introduced, containing 0.05, 0.1,0.t5, 0.20 g etc. of silver azide. The stronger contains 0.60 g of silver azide or an equivalent quantity of lead azide. 

The Airdox device is widely used in the U.S.A. The Armstrong Airbreaker has been employed in very gassy mines in Great Britain, France the U.S.A. and Poland. 

A This beautiful chandelier was carved entirely out of salt by miners in the 900 year old Wieliczka salt mine in Poland. 

NaukPolitechWroclaw (Poland) No 4, Chem No 1, 5-14 (1954) (Reduction of aromatic nitro compds by 112S in pyridine) CA 50, 214-5(1956) 21)S.Carboni St G.Berti, Gazz 84, 683-91(1954) (Transformation of nitra-mines into azoxy compds) CA 50, 991-2... 

Marszalek, H. and Wsik, M. (2000) Influence of arsenic-bearing gold deposits on water quality in Zloty Stok mining area (SW Poland). Environmental Geology, 39(8), 888-92. 

Poland Lyublin Basin Coals and coal mining wastes Yudovich and Ketris (2005)... 

Poland Sudety Mountains Zloty Ore deposits and mining wastes Marsza lek and Wasik (2000)... 

---