Carboniferous Upper

Hutchinson, M. W., Measurement While Drilling and After Drilling by Multiple Service Companies Through Upper Carboniferous Formations at a Borehole Test Facility, Kay County, Oklahoma, SPE 22735, 66th Ann. Techn. Conf., Dallas, TX, October 6-9, pp. 741-753, 1991. 

FIGURE 15.7 Secondary changes in the total group composition of soluble organic matter as a result of simulated water washing extracts of the Miocene lignite and shale (both of the Bechatow open cast mine, Poland), the Upper Devonian shale (the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland), and the Upper Carboniferous bituminous coal (the Upper Silesia Coal Basin, Poland). 

Provenance of the Upper Carboniferous sedimentary rocks, Maritime Basin, New Brunswick, Canada a sedimentary geochemical approach... 

The study area is located within in the eastern tip of the Indian Mountain Deformed Zone, southeastern New Brunswick, Canada. The area is underlain by Upper Carboniferous sedimentary rock and bounded by the Smith Creek and Berry Mills faults to the north and south, respectively (St. Peter 2006). These... 

Kozlowska, A. 2004. Diagenesis of the Upper Carboniferous deposits at the margin of the Lublin graben and the Warsaw block. Polish Geological Institute Bulletin, 411, 5 -70. 

Cretaceous) kru = Lower Cretaceous j = Jurassic tr = Triassic z = Zechstein (Upper Permian) cwc = Westfalian C (Carboniferous) cw = Westfalian B cwa = Westfalian A (after Stadler, M. TeichmiiUer and R. TeichmiiUer (22))... 

On the southern margin of the Ruhr Basin, where folding is most intensive, coal rank is at a minimum. This is shown clearly by a coalification map of seam Sonnenschein (18). The reason is that here, on the edge of the basin of deposition of the Upper Carboniferous, the seam-bearing strata have not undergone the same degree of subsidence prior to folding as those farther north. 

Rateyev, M.A., Gradusov, B.P. and Kheirov, M.B., 1969. Potassium rectorite from the Upper Carboniferous of the Samarskaya Luka (Samara Bend of the Volga). Dokl. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., 185 116-119. 

Osmundaceae can be traced back to the Upper Carboniferous. Earlier known reports of leptosporangiate ferns are in the Lower Carboniferous. Subsequent major filicalean radiations during the early Mesozoic resulted in several families with extant representatives, but it was obviously not until the Upper Cretaceous that much of the extant diversity has appeared [365]. Based on coevolution, the Urediniomycetes and Ustilagjonmycetes appeared as distinct lineages at least since the Carboniferous. 

In order to verify the dynamic concept of the behavior of gas throughout sedimentary basins, we first report the results of an empirical study on The Netherlands offshore gas fields (Broad Fourteens Basin, Fig. 1 shadowed area). This basin is part of the European Upper Carboniferous Basin. The gas fields are sourced from Upper Carboniferous coals and shales, reservoired in Upper Permian Zechstein carbonates (Plattendolomit) and sealed by Zechstein rock salt (Na2-4). The problem facing exploration was that the rate of dry holes was very high even if structural closure and favorable reservoir properties were confirmed. In order to find a solution and to offer a tool for the prediction of fill or non-fill of structures before drilling, we examined 29 case histories (fields, finds, shows and dry holes) under the aspect of dynamics of gas flow. 

Fig, 1. European Upper Carboniferous Basin location map of gas fields A-G and M and N Germany onshore (black dots) and of the 29 gas fields from the Broad Fourteens Basin, Netherlands offshore (shadowed area). 

We used the data of nine gas fields located over the North German part of the European Upper Carboniferous Basin (see Fig. 1, black dots named A-G and M and N) to simulate the vertical flow of methane over the last 1(X) myr, using a diffusion model and a Darcy flow model. From the results obtained we determined the physical process driving gas through rocks. 

Point (2) in the previous section concludes that >90% of gases generated directly enter the atmosphere. It is illustrated in Fig. 8 that gas flow through rocks over geologic time is highly dynamic. It is of minor importance then how many reservoir/seal systems may retain part of the gas because retainment is transitorial. Mean residence time of reservoired methane within the European Upper Carboniferous Basin has been calculated as 10 myr. 

Kettel, D. 1989. Upper Carboniferous source rocks North and South of the Variscan Front (NW and Central Europe). Mar. Pet. Geol., 6 170-181. 

Carboniferous. The combined Mississippian and Pennsylvanian periods of the upper Paleozoic era of the geologic time scale commenced approximately 345 million years ago. 

The study area comprises 28,000km in southeastern Alberta (Fig. 1). Rocks of interest to this study range in age from Tertiary to Carboniferous. The stratigraphic sequence, however, does contain older Paleozoic and Precambrian rocks at depth. With the exception of certain carbonate rocks in the Upper Paleozoic, the dominant lithology is shale with occasional sandstone units and minor coal. Some of the sandstone units contain substantial quantities of oil and gas. As a result of continued exploration for and development of these resources, a tremendous quantity of conventional lithologic log, geophysiced log, core and drill-stem test data is available for this area. 

Mykura, W. (1967) The Upper Carboniferous rocks of south-west Ayrshire. Bull. Geol. Surv. GB, 26, 23-98. 

Walton, A.W., Wojcik, K.M., Goldstein, R.H. Barker, C.E. (1995) Diagenesis of Upper Carboniferous rocks in the Ouachita foreland shelf in midcontinent USA an overview of widespread effects of a Variscan-equivalent orogeny. Geol. Rundschau, 84, 535-551. 

Insects reached sizes of well over a metre during the Upper Carboniferous. In view of their primitive means of breathing, by way of trachea through the external skeleton, it is felt that these could only survive in an atmosphere with a higher 02 level. As a geologist, the author is quite satisfied with this line of evidence, but other geologists are not. And there is no way of convincing one s opponent. 

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