Reserve Officers

The suspension of courses at special service schools on i February 1940 did not affect the Chemical Warfare School. This suspension enabled students who were attending courses longer than those given at Edgewood to participate in maneuvers in the spring of 1940. The Chemical Warfare School was permitted to begin its regular Line and Staff Course on 4 February with a class composed principally of Reserve officers. This step proved fortunate since most of the members of this class soon were called to extended active duty. 

On 27 August 1940 Congress authorized the calling of Reserve officers to active duty for periods of twelve consecutive months. This in practice suspended the fourteen-day active duty arrangement which for years had been the mainspring of Reserve officer training. Had it been possible to foresee at the time that most of the Reservists who were called up under this authority would continue on duty through a major war, more adequate pro- 

Lack of an attempt at systematic school training of CWS nonregular officers in preparation for mobilization duty marked not only the period of partial mobilization, but in fact extended throughout the entire war period. There were on active duty with the CWS, on 31 December 1940, 270 nonregular officers. Not more than half of these officers had ever attended any school course. Except for OCS training, the ratio of nongraduates to all officers on duty increased instead of declined in succeeding years. This situation apparently resulted from want of a clear CWS policy on the school- 

The CWS protective mobilization plan contemplated that training of other components at the Chemical Warfare School would be discontinued upon mobilization, when the school would reorganize for its primary mission of training CWS troops. Two types of courses were specified in the new setup successive thirty-day refresher classes of seventy-five officers, and a series of classes for enlisted specialists (meteorologists). This program would have proven inadequate, even had it been followed. Yet there was no evident inclination in 1940 to extend the school training of CWS officers. In recommending to the War Department the courses to be conducted at the school between i July 1940 and 30 June 1941, the CWS proposed only six courses, none of them specifically for preparation of Chemical Warfare Service officers for active duty.  

Progress toward rearming in the period of 1939-41 has been described as halting and confused. These adjectives also describe chemical war- 

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After earning a lackluster Ph.D. from the University of Berlin in 1891, Haber wrote a friend, The thesis is miserable. One and a half years of new substances prepared like a baker s bread rolls.. . . One learns to be modest. In preparation for entering his father s business, he studied chemical technology in an alcohol distillery in Hungary, a Solvay soda factory in Austria, and a salt mine in Poland. His obligatory year in the Prussian army left him with a smart, military manner and a love of rank and discipline. His attempts to become a reserve officer failed, however, for this was a prestigious honor reserved for Christians, and Haber was Jewish. 

Margit Szollosi-Janze. Fritz Haber 1868-1934 Eine Biographie. Munich Verlag C. H. Beck, 1998. This authoritative biography of Haber scrupulously sorts fact from fiction unfortunately there is no English translation of this 928-page book. Source for facial scar attempt to become reserve officer role of sanitariums and Habers stays in them Clara as chemist and professor s wife Haber s BASF contract Reform Movement Clara s despairing letter Prussian ideals Haber as Archimedes his responsibility for poison gas and wartime authoritarianism Clara and poison gas Sackur Haber leaves after Clara s suicide Haber s postwar depression, Nobel Prize, postwar gas research, and help for Weimar Republic April 1933 events to end and Zyklon B. 

DOE (US Department of Energy) (2007a). Secure Fuels from Domestic Resources. The Continuing Evolution of America s Oil Shale and Tar Sands Industries. Washington, DC Office of Petroleum Reserves, Office of Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves, www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/reserves/npr/ publications. 

Haber knew the likely reason for his failure. He d knocked at the door of a social bastion where his sort weren t welcome. At that time, no Prussian Jew had ever become a reserve officer, except in the medical corps. The rejection was a powerful reminder, if Haber needed any, that his heritage was a social handicap and that his father s cautions were grounded in reality. 

A Royal Kulu Navy reserve officer himself, Chapman knew of the response procedures for civil emergencies. Rule of thumb the longer it took to come to a decision, the higher up the command structure the problem was being bumped. This one must be going right to the top. To the people authorized to make life or death decisions. 

Second, the District of Columbia was able to confirm that a Lt. Wray Noel was attached to the 1376th Company, District No. 1, in the Third Corps CCC operation, which covered Luray, Virginia, and more importantly that his first tour as a Second Lieutenant ended on July 4, 1937. He finished Reserve Officer training at Eort Meade on or about May 3,1935. Thus, if the information provided by the phone call is correct, the alleged burials had to occur between May 3,1935, and June 19,1937, based on the dates Lt. Noel was on active duty. 

During those first few days the CWS established several supply points in addition to the depot and, with the help of a Civilian Conservation Corps company, completed the issue of service masks. McMillin also put into operation a reconditioned impregnating plant, a chloride of lime production plant, and a toxic land mine and shellfilling plant, all of which had been refurbished in the month before the attack. One Reserve officer at once began converting a plant of the Pacific Guano and Fertilizer Company, of which he had been an employee, to the production of bleach. 

There was one authoritative voice which did call attention to the possibilities of the incendiary bomb. Colonel Zanetti, a CWS Reserve officer on the faculty of Columbia University, insisted several times in the 1930 s that the incendiary bomb had a great potential. Colonel Zanetti had worked with these munitions in World War I and had become perhaps the greatest American technical expert in the field. In 1936, when some people were dwelling on the horrors of aerial gas attacks in cities, he graphically pointed out that fire, not gas, was the greatest danger ... 

At this point essentially all activities directed toward accreditation probably ceased. Professor T. H. Marshall, who was a reserve officer, entered the army in 1941. Professor Deschner resigned in early 1942 to work for J. F. Pritchard. This left only T. T. Castonguay, who was hired in 1941, to carry on until late 1945. He served as an instructor (1941 - 42), an... 

When a customer accesses a reservation support terminal, the terminal asks the user the name of the restaurant, the date and the time at which he or she would like to book a table. Through a central reservations office, which has information on the status of all the tables in the restaurant chain, the terminal checks whether there is a vacant table at the chosen restaurant at the elected time. If there is, the central reservations office, with the aid of the chosen restauranL first sends a plan of the restaurant and then the vacant tables with their respective positions on the plan. This way the reservation support terminal can reconstruct the restaurant plan indicating which tables are vacant. 

The user selects a table and enters the number of people for which the table is to be booked The reservation support terminal communicates this information to the central reservations office, which then checks with the restaurant that everything is still in order. If everything is OK, the terminal asks the user to enter the name under which the table is to be booked. The user enters the name, and the terminal communicates this information to the central reservations office. The central reservations office books the table and issues a ticket specifying the date, time, table number and the name under which the table has been booked. This confirms the reservation (status). 

Public Law 408, approved 30 August 1933. This was the Thomason Act, which authorized the President to call one thousand Reserve officers to active duty every year for a period of active service not to exceed one year. 

Ensuing instructions were to the effect that the CWS would retain its combat functions, but that "combat units of Chemical Warfare Service will be limited to those now in being and future augmentations of the Army will make no provision for additional units of this character. The Chief, CWS, was at the same time directed to "determine and report upon his future needs for Reserve officers with the possibility of reducing the enrollment in the two Chemical Warfare Service ROTC units, or if need be, the elimination of one of the units. ... 

At a time when mobilization of the Army was moving forward at a rapid pace, this order confronted the Chemical Warfare Service with difficult questions about the future of a substantial number of Reserve officers who had been trained for active duty with chemical regiments. Another consideration which affected these units was the decision, arrived at earlier that the regiment was not the most satisfactory type of wartime organization for special gas troops. Instead of the regiment, the battalion was determined to be the largest tactical unit that could be utilized effectively for controlling chemical weapons operations. 

The latter decision did not affect the status of the Reserve regiments. Actually the regimental organization provided an ideal peacetime arrangement, since it permitted an effective chain of command to supervise inactive duty training and facilitated the attachment of nontactical Reserve officers... 

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