Point of sale

Consumer Products. Laser-based products have emerged from the laboratories and become familiar products used by many millions of people in everyday circumstances. Examples include the supermarket scaimer, the laser printer, and the compact disk. The supermarket scanner has become a familiar fixture at the point of sale in stores. The beam from a laser is scaimed across the bar-code marking that identifies a product, and the pattern of varying reflected light intensity is detected and interpreted by a computer to identify the product. Then the information is printed on the sales sHp. The use of the scanner can speed checkout from places like supermarkets. The scanners have usually been helium—neon lasers, but visible semiconductor lasers may take an impact in this appHcation. 

Economic Aspects. To be useful the raw materials must be recoverable at a cost not greater than the cost of similar terrestrial materials. These costs must include transportation to the point of sale. Comparative costs of recovery are strongly influenced by secondary environmental or imputed costs, such as legal costs or compensatory levies. 

Decaffeination Regulations. Eor decaffeinated roasted coffee, EEC standards indicate the maximum content of caffeine as 0.1% db for decaffeinated instant coffee it is 0.3% db. In the United States, decaffeination usually signifies that 97% of the caffeine has been removed. Permissible solvents for decaffeination processes are defined by national legislation, eg, EDA or EEC directive. The maximum residual solvent content after decaffeination, roasting, or instant coffee processing is to be kept within good manufacturing practice, ie, very low ppm levels or below at point of sale (46). 

Nylon film has been used increasingly for packaging applications for foodstuffs and pharmaceutical products. The value of nylon in this application is due to low odour transmission and to some extent in the ability to boil-in-the-bag. Film of high brilliance and clarity, particularly from nylon 11, is available for point-of-sale displays. 

The initial use was as a blow moulded vessel for vegetable oil candles. However, because of its biodegradability it is of interest for applications where paper and plastics materials are used together and which can, after use, be sent into a standard paper recycling process. Instances include blister packaging (the compound is transparent up to 3 mm in thickness), envelopes with transparent windows and clothes point-of-sale packaging. 

Storage conditions in terms of air movement and humidity will be different to those used when initially chilling the carcase. Chilled meat on the bone is stored at about 0°C, up to the point of sale. The humidity of the surrounding air is also critical in the case of fresh meats - too dry and the meat will lose weight and discolour, too humid and a slime will form on the surface. 

Other processes (except milk drying) require the finished product to be cooled to a suitable storage temperature, usually 4°C or thereabouts, and kept cool until the point of sale. Conventional-type cold stores can be used for mixed dairy products, since all of them will be packaged and sealed after manufacture. 

The present-day food industry is almost totally dependent on refrigeration in one form or another, to manufacture, preserve, store and bring the product to the point of sale. The few examples chosen in Chapters 14-18 indicate the general principles. The history, development and current practice of refrigeration of foodstuffs is largely the history, development and current practice of the refrigeration industry itself. 

The cold chain principle of food handling and distribution is that the product will be maintained at suitable conditions all the way to the point of sale. This requires transport and various kinds of storage. 

Although active safety is provided by the control systems mentioned above, passive safety is an additional important feature of a distributed plant. Due to the low inventory, even a total release of the reaction volume or an explosion would create no significant impact on the environment [139]. To prevent such scenarios, a total containment of the plant is envisaged it needs to be sealed for life . Hydrogen cyanide synthesis and chlorine point-of-sale manufacture are two examples for safety-sensitive distributed syntheses. 

Small but environrrientallyjnendly. The Chemical Engineer, March 1993 Huge increases in technology in the past distributed manufacturing in small-scale plants miniaturization of processes domestic methanol plant point-of-sale chlorine simpler and cheaper plants economy of plant manufacture process control and automation start-up and shut-down sensor demand [145],... 

In addition, fluoran compounds such as 6 -[4-(4-anilinoanilino)ani-lino]-2 -chloro-3 -methylfluoran (13)7 giving images readable by near-infrared rays have also been developed for POS (points of sales) labels that are recently being watched with keen interest. 

Efficient Consumer Response (ECR) and Collaborative Planning, Forecasting and Replenishment (CPFR) both are operations models in the consumer goods industry to ensure delivery capability and avoid stockouts based on an automated replenishment of outlets using product inventory, historic and/or planned sales information at the point-of-sales (POS). CPFR focuses on a close cooperation between retailer and manufacturer. ECR focus on the customer-facing reaction on customer responses in logistics, sales and promotions. 

Packaging waste is normally recovered from one of two sources. The first is the waste which is not used by the converter (i.e. the maker of the package) and the second is from the packages which are discarded at the point of sale. The former is relatively free of contaminates whereas the latter may contain adhesives, plastics, staples and other contraries . Many countries, including the UK, have developed very efficient collection and recovery systems for packaging material from wholesale and retail outlets. For example in 1991, the Japanese were recovering almost 70% of corrugated containers from this source. 

The Regulations go on to say that no person may supply excessively loud Category 3 hreworks, while adult hreworks must be clearly advertised as such at the point of sale. 

Sucrose syrups from either beet or cane origin are used in some formulated products or added to coffee beverages at the point of sale... 

Diesel-water emulsions are not approved for shipment by finished product pipeline companies. Consequently, the emulsion must be made on-site or near the point of sale. Other issues currently being resolved deal with improving the cold-temperature handling properties of the high-water-content fuel and improving the long-term storage stability of fuel blends... 

Surveys can still be useful since they integrate the outcome of all the factors along the entire supply chain to test predictions and assess whether models are taking the relevant factors into account, as well as generating new hypotheses when this is not the case. However, if done as isolated studies, the results of food quality surveys obtained at the point of sale have very little predictive power, unless extensive additional data are collected (e.g. origin, variety/breed, storage extent, conditions). Often this is not possible. 

The second issue is that of claims. This subject is difficult to write upon definitively as new or changed regulations are often put into effect. However, the trend seems to be that claims will need some form of substantiation based upon scientific reports. In the future, folklore and anecdotal information about herbs are less likely to be permitted on product labels, advertisements and point-of-sale literature. 

Polypropylene. Polypropylene (PP) is used in packaging applications as films and in rigid containers. Battery cases could be considered another packaging application. Dead batteries are often collected at the point of sale of new batteries. In the U.S., some states have laws mandating this. Lead, acid, and plastics, particularly PP from battery casings is recovered and recycled (3). Care must be taken to limit worker exposure to lead during this process (44). PP is also recovered from bale wrap and other PP fabrics used for wrapping in the textile industry and from other containers (45). 

When considering easily damaged or perishable goods, packaging may be defined simply as the means of protecting the product so that it arrives at the point of sale or use in a satisfactory state. 

Despite the billions of dollars spent to keep heroin off its streets, America s efforts have been unsuccessful. Heroin is not only more plentiful in the United States than it was 30 years ago, but it is also cheaper and at its point of sale almost 10 times as pure. 

At the end of the chain, acting for the consumer at the point of sale, an enforcement laboratory can be presented with a sample (perhaps an import) already in contact with food and for which a priori none of this compositional... 

To maintain a perpetual inventory system, all purchases and sales must be entered into the computer system (Carroll, 1998 West, 2003). A clerk can enter data from purchases, or the computer dispensing system can be interfaced with the computer order system. The interface allows for the inventory to be reduced when a product is dispensed. The sales data can also be entered at the point of sale by devices that use optical scanning and barcode technology. Point-of-sale (POS) devices are advantageous in that they improve the accuracy of pricing and inventory data. They eliminate the need for price stickers, reduce the frequency of pricing errors, and automatically track inventory. 

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