Plating method

The plating electrodes for optimum performance of the IPMC actuator should have the 

An established method of electrode plating on the ion exchange membrane for fulfilling the above criteria is chemical plating with platinum or gold electrodes. Oguro et al. firstly found the bending response of Nafion 117 chemically plated with platinum electrodes. However, a platinum electrode has a narrower electrochemical window and is mechanically 

Two different methods, known as reductant permeation (RP) and impregnation reduction (IR), have been successfully developed for plating the electrodes for the ion exchange 

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The agar [9002-18-0] plate method consists of adding a known quantity of sample, usually 1.0 or 0.1 mL, depending on the concentration of bacteria, to a sterile petti plate and then mixing the sample with a sterile nutrient medium. After the agar medium solidifies, the petti plate is incubated at 32°C for 48 hours after which the bacterial colonies are counted and the number expressed ia terms of a 1 mL or 1 g sample. This procedure measures the number of viable organisms present and able to grow under test conditions, ie, 32°C. 

Thermoduric, Thermophilic, andPsychrophihc Bacteria. Thermoduric bacteria survive but do not grow at pasteurization temperatures. They are largely non spore-forming, heat-resistant types that develop on surfaces of unclean equipment. These bacteria are determined by subjecting a sample to laboratory pasteurization and examining it by the agar plate method. 

Thermophilic bacteria are able to grow at 55°C. They are spore-forming bacilli that can enter milk from a variety of farm sources. Tbermophiles grow ia milk held at elevated temperatures. Their presence ia milk is determined by means of the agar plate method and iacubation at 55°C. 

A guarded hot-plate method, ASTM D1518, is used to measure the rate of heat transfer over time from a warm metal plate. The fabric is placed on the constant temperature plate and covered by a second metal plate. After the temperature of the second plate has been allowed to equiUbrate, the thermal transmittance is calculated based on the temperature difference between the two plates and the energy required to maintain the temperature of the bottom plate. The units for thermal transmittance are W/m -K. Thermal resistance is the reciprocal of thermal conductivity (or transmittance). Thermal resistance is often reported as a do value, defined as the insulation required to keep a resting person comfortable at 21°C with air movement of 0.1 m/s. Thermal resistance in m -K/W can be converted to do by multiplying by 0.1548 (121). 

The guarded hot-plate method can be modified to perform dry and wet heat transfer testing (sweating skin model). Some plates contain simulated sweat glands and use a pumping mechanism to deUver water to the plate surface. Thermal comfort properties that can be deterrnined from this test are do, permeabihty index (/ ), and comfort limits. PermeabiUty index indicates moisture—heat permeabiUty through the fabric on a scale of 0 (completely impermeable) to 1 (completely permeable). This parameter indicates the effect of skin moisture on heat loss. Comfort limits are the predicted metaboHc activity levels that may be sustained while maintaining body thermal comfort in the test environment. 

For bubble-cap plates, hydraulic-gradient must be given serious consideration. It is a function of cap size, shape, and density on the plate. Methods for analyzing bubble-cap gradient may be found in the chapter by BoUes (Smith, De.sign of Equilibrium Stage Proce.s.se.s, Chap. 14, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1963) or in previous edition of this handbook. 

The most commonly used techniques for contact angle measurements are the sessile drop method and the Wil-helmy plate method. Results obtained from these two methods are in good agreement. 

Unequal Molal Flow, 63 Ponchon-Savarit Method, 63 Example 8-21 Ponchon Unequal Molal Overflow, 65 Multicomponent Distillation, 68 Minimum Reflux Ratio — Infinite Plates, 68 Example 8-22 Multicomponent Distillation by Yaw s Method, 70 Algebraic Plate-to-Plate Method,... 

With the hot plate method, the bearing is simply laid on the plate until it reaches the approved temperature, using a pyrometer or Tempilstik to make certain it is not overheated. Difficulty in controlling the temperature is the major disadvantage of this method. 

Figure 3. Test plate method used to check the figure of a segment of the primary mirror.

For the case where the departure is more severe than this example, the holographic approach would probably be applied to the test plate method. Particularly if small holograms placed near the focus of the returning rays were used, and this would certainly be the less costly method, ahgnment features could be built into the hologram that would help keep the segment in the correct lateral position and rotational orientation about the 2 axis relative to the test plat and hologram. 

The majority of commercial LB troughs use the Wilhehny plate method for measurement of surface pressure (II), although some use the alternate Langmuir float method. The plate material most commonly used is cut pieces of filter paper, of negligible cost and completely wetted by water. The other type of plate used is a piece of high-purity platinum metal, which can be cleaned in a flame and gives a reproducible contact angle with water of 60°. 

Thus, the cup-plate method is useful to test several preparations or varying formulations of the same preparation against one organism under identical conditions, and the ditch-plate method enables one preparation to be tested against several organisms... 

For routine assessment of test formulations during development work the cup-plate and ditch-plate methods are adequate. 

Bouroushian M, Kosanovic T, Spyrellis N (2006) A pulse plating method for the electrosynthesis of ZnSe. J Appl Electrochem 36 821-826... 

In the parallel-plate method, the heat flux downward is measured hy a fluxmeter under which the thermal bond material and the molten salt of interest are located. Because the thermal transfer is only conductive if the thermal contacts are perfect, the balance of heat flow through the... 

Shiaris MP, JJ Cooney (1983) Replica plating method for estimating phenanthrene-utilizing and phenan-threne-cometabolizing microorganisms. Appl Environ Microbiol 45 706-710. 

Several approaches for higher throughput lipophilicity measurements have been developed in the pharmaceuhcal industry [50] including automated shake-plate methods [84] and immobilized arhficial membranes [85]. A convenient method to... 

The advantages of the above electric hot plate method for the determination of melting points are obvious these include —... 

Liquid voltaic cells are systems composed of conducting, condensed phases in series, with a thin gap containing gas or liquid dielectric (e.g., decane) situated between two condensed phases. The liquid voltaic cells contain at least one liquid surface [2,15], Due to the presence of a dielectric, special techniques for the investigation of voltaic cells are necessary. Usually, it is the dynamic condenser method, named also the vibrating plate method, the vibrating condenser method, or Kelvin-Zisman probe. In this method, the capacity of the condenser created by the investigated surface and the plate (vibrating plate), is continuously modulated by periodical vibration of the plate. The a.c. output is then amplified, and fed back to the condenser to obtain null-balance operation [49,50]. 

From the beginning of the 1980s, some effective experimental approaches based on new principles have been invented for the study of interfacial reactions in solvent extraction chemistry. Recently, some methods were developed from our laboratory, the highspeed stirring (HSS) method [4,5], the two-phase stopped flow method [6], the capillary plate method [7], the reflection spectrometry [8], and the centrifugal liquid membrane (CLM) method [9]. 

Dynamic surface tension has also been measured by quasielastic light scattering (QELS) from interfacial capillary waves [30]. It was shown that QELS gives the same result for the surface tension as the traditional Wilhelmy plate method down to the molecular area of 70 A. QELS has recently utilized in the study of adsorption dynamics of phospholipids on water-1,2-DCE, water-nitrobenzene and water-tetrachloromethane interfaces [31]. This technique is still in its infancy in liquid-liquid systems and its true power is to be shown in the near future. 

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