Sizing-plate method

For bubble-cap plates, hydraulic-gradient must be given serious consideration. It is a function of cap size, shape, and density on the plate. Methods for analyzing bubble-cap gradient may be found in the chapter by BoUes (Smith, De.sign of Equilibrium Stage Proce.s.se.s, Chap. 14, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1963) or in previous edition of this handbook. 

Some of the commonly used techniques for measuring contact angle [215, 216, 217] are the sessile drop method, captive bubble method and Wilhelmy plate method. These techniques have been extensively used and well documented for characterisation of modified PE surfaces [218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230] for various applications. Whitesides et al. [231 ] studied the wetting of flame-treated polyethylene film having ionisable organic acids and bases at the polymer-water interface. The effect of the size of substituted alkyl groups in amide and ester moieties on the surface hydrophilicity was also studied [232]. The biocompatibility of the polyethylene film surface modified with various water-soluble polymers was evaluated using the same technique [233]. The surface properties of hy-perbranched polymers have been very recently reported [234]. 

In this method, 25 ml of a molten sterile medium is poured into presterilised Petri dishes and allowed to solidify at room temperature (RT). The agar plates are seeded with 0.1 ml of (1 X 10 spores/ml) of a fungal/bacterial culture using the spread plate method. Subsequently, 10 mm wide wells are bored into these agar plates using a sterile cork borer. 250 pi of a stock solution of an antimicrobial compound is filled into the wells and the plates are incubated at 25 2 °C. The antimicrobial activity is interpreted from the size of the zone of inhibition(s) (ZOI) measured to the nearest millimetre, i.e., the clear zones surrounding the wells, as shown in Figure 11.1 [20-23]. 

The electrochemical plating method was used to fabricate IPMCs with different types of electrodes. The exact chemicals and reduction materials are shown in Table. 2.1. An Instron 5565 machine was used for the tensile testing (see Fig. 2.12 (a) for the setup). The fabricated IPMC samples were punched out using a dog-bone shaped punch mold. Its size followed ASTM 638 and 882, as shown in Fig. 2.12 (b). The tensile test was per-... 

Also shown in Fig. III.3 is the dependence of the experimental accuracy on the nonuniformity of particle diameter in the dust fractions (curve 1). With Ad/d v = 0.05, the error of the method is 15%. Hence, the tilt-plate method will give accurate results only if the particles are monodisperse. If the particle size varies significantly within the fraction, the method is less accurate, becoming unsuitable in practice for the determination of particle adhesive force for example, with d = 40-60 /rm, we find that Adld y = 0.2 and B = 60%. 

Co-B on Ni foam support catalyst system was produced by low temperature electroless plating method. With this approach, maximum hydrogen production rate of 24 L min g at 30°C was achieved. The catalyst system was mixture of spherical particles and a thin nanosheet-like structure of 10 nm. Layered aggregates of these nanosheet-like morphologies were seen as smooth spherical particles of size 2-10 pm. Co/B ratio in the catalyst coating was 3.67 according to EDX results and 1.45 according to XPS... 

In order to simulate the amorphous to crystalline transformation, Milev et al. developed a novel method to produce single-phase, nano-sized, plate-like, mixed A-B-type carbonate-containing apatite (CAp) similar to bone apatite by using sol-gel technology (Milev et al., 2003). The methodology emulates biomineralization, where topotactic transition from amorphous to octacalcium phosphate (OCP) than to hydroxyapatite (HAp), which is believed to occur in vivo. 

Surface tension was measured at 25.0°C + 0.5°C with a Kruss processor tensiometer K21 (Kruss GmbH, Germany) using Wilhetmy s plate method. A square platinum plate was cleaned, washed with twice distilled water and heated in a reductive flame to purge aU impurities. This cleaning procedure was repeated before every measurement. During the measurement, the plate is dipped into the liquid. The tensiometer measures the pulling force of the liquid on the plate and, with known plate size, calculates the surface tension. 

The advantages of the capillary assay are its simplicity, quantitative nature, and high sensitivity. Alternative methods for studying chemotaxis such as the swarm plate method of Adler (1966) require that the chemoattractant be metabolized. This is not necessary in the standard capillary assay. In addition, due to the small size of the chemotaxis chamber, only small amounts of compound are required to perform the experiments. The main disadvantage of this method is that the compound tested must be soluble in the chemotaxis medium. 

Considering curved surfaces, then the contact angles of various liquids on the cylindrical surfaces of fibres have been determined using the tensiometric (or Wilhelmy) plate method [13,14] or by calculating the value of 0 from measurements of drop size and fibre diameter [15,16]. 

---