Integrating plate method

FIGURE 11.68 Schematic of integrating plate method (IPM) for measuring graphite carbon (adapted from Weiss and Waggoner, 1982). 

Horvath, H., Experimental Calibration for Aerosol Light Absorption Measurements Using the Integrating Plate Method— Summary of the Data, Aerosol Sci., 28, 1149-1161 (1997). 

An approach widely used by atmospheric scientists is to infer the imaginary part of the refractive index k from measurements of the absorption coefficient a of particulate samples. Diffuse reflection, the photoacoustic effect, and integrating plates have been used for determining absorption even in the presence of considerable scattering these methods are discussed briefly in the following section. The relation (2.52) between a and k, a - 4nk/, is, of course, strictly valid only for homogeneous media. But under some circum-... 

The problem to which the integral equation method was applied in the above discussion, i.e., flow over an isothermal plate, is, of course, one for which a similarity solution can be found. The usefulness of the integral equation method, however, arises mainly from the fact that it can be applied to problems for which similarity solutions cannot easily be found. In order to illustrate this ability, consider flow over a flat plate which has an unheated section adjacent to the leading edge as shown in Fig. 3.15. 

Consider laminar forced convective flow over a flat plate at whose surface the heat transfer rate per unit area, qw is constant. Assuming a Prandtl number of 1, use the integral equation method to derive an expression for the variation of surface temperature. Assume two-dimensional flow. 

Consider a flat plate whose heated section is maintained at a constant temperature (T = constant for.r > ). Using integral solution methods (see Kays and Crawford, 1994), the local Nusselt numbers for both laminar and turbulent flows are determined to be... 

Based on almost the same theory as that of laminated board production, metal-siding board can be manufactured. In metal-siding board steel or aluminum plate is formed to profiled shapes in advance, and phenolic foam and incombustible paper are molded by an integral molding method. This method is widely used in Japan and Korea to produce exterior materials for wooden houses. An example of such material for wooden houses is shown in Figure 68. 

Integrated electrodes are another option available for microchips in which the electrodes are fabricated into the microchip itself. Thin strips of metal, usually gold, are deposited on either the substrate containing the channels or the cover plate. Methods for this type of metal deposition and micropatterning are well established in the semiconductor industry. The interface connection then resembles a computer board in which the microchip plugs into a connector to make contact with the power supply. Although useful for disposable... 

Summary Non-stationary random vibrations of polvcfonally shaped slightly damped Kirchhoff-plates are presented. The frequency response function of the undamped structure is calculated by an advanced bound-ary-integral equation method with Green s functions of finite domains. Subsequently, light hysteretic damping is built in by applying the quadrature type of elastic-viscoelastic correspondence. ... 

IRSCHIK, H. A Boundary integral equation method for bending of orthotropic plates. Int. J. Solids, Structures 20 (1984),... 

KITAHARA, M. Boundary Integral Equation Methods in Eigenvalue Problems of Elastodynamics and Thin Plates. Studies in Applied Mechanics 10, Amsterdam-Oxford-New York-Tokyo Elsevier, 1985. 

Mattauch-Herzog geometry, which simultaneously focuses all resolved masses onto one plane, allowing the integrating properties of an ion-sensitive emulsion to be used as the detector. Although electrical detection with an electron multiplier can be applied, the ion-sensitive emulsion-coated glass photographic plate is the most common method of detection and will be described in this article. 

Equation (9) describes the rate of change of concentration of solute in the mobile phase in plate (p) with the volume flow of mobile phase through it. The integration of equation (9) will provide the elution curve equation for any solute eluted from any plate in the column. A simple method for the integration of equation (9) is given in Appendix 1, where the solution, the elution curve equation for plate (p), is shown to be... 

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