Plate method, modified

The guarded hot-plate method can be modified to perform dry and wet heat transfer testing (sweating skin model). Some plates contain simulated sweat glands and use a pumping mechanism to deUver water to the plate surface. Thermal comfort properties that can be deterrnined from this test are do, permeabihty index (/ ), and comfort limits. PermeabiUty index indicates moisture—heat permeabiUty through the fabric on a scale of 0 (completely impermeable) to 1 (completely permeable). This parameter indicates the effect of skin moisture on heat loss. Comfort limits are the predicted metaboHc activity levels that may be sustained while maintaining body thermal comfort in the test environment. 

The poor resolution of the fine structures of DNA and nucleosomes by conventional SEM was solved by the development of an ultrahigh-resolution SEM (14-15). Inaga et al. (16) observed the DNA double helix and nucleosomes of chicken erythrocytes by using an ultrahigh-resolution SEM. They modified the microspreading technique of Seki et al. (17) and combined it with the carbon plate method devised by Tanaka et al. (18). Briefly, they (procedures were performed at 0-4°C before fixation with the formalin solution) ... 

Liu, D. Chau, Z.K. Dutka, B.J. Rapid toxicity assessment of water-soluble and water-insoluble chemicals using a modified agar plate method. Water Res. 1989, 23, 333-339. 

The surface tension measurement was done at 25 C by a modified Wilhelmy plate method(Shimadzu ST-1). 

On the other hand, wet process metal coating method was applied to the surface-modified nylon 12 particles (24). Nylon 12 particles modified by alumina or silica fine particles were given metallic coating by an electroless plating method. 

Some of the commonly used techniques for measuring contact angle [215, 216, 217] are the sessile drop method, captive bubble method and Wilhelmy plate method. These techniques have been extensively used and well documented for characterisation of modified PE surfaces [218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230] for various applications. Whitesides et al. [231 ] studied the wetting of flame-treated polyethylene film having ionisable organic acids and bases at the polymer-water interface. The effect of the size of substituted alkyl groups in amide and ester moieties on the surface hydrophilicity was also studied [232]. The biocompatibility of the polyethylene film surface modified with various water-soluble polymers was evaluated using the same technique [233]. The surface properties of hy-perbranched polymers have been very recently reported [234]. 

CEN EN 13702. 2010. Bitumen and bituminous binders - Determination of dynamic viscosity of modified bitumen by cone and plate method. Brussels CEN. 

A Fe-Co-B catalyst system on Ni foam was prepared by a modified electroless plating method. Hydrogen production rate of the system was foimd as 221 mL min g p at 30°C. Activation energy was calculated as 27 kj moTF The relatively higher catalytic activity of the catalyst is related with its porous microstructure. This enhanced the accessibility of reactants to catalyst active sites. Catalyst coating was 12.5 mg cm (Ni foam) and the composition was 56.4% Co, 38.8 wt.% Fe and 4.8 wt.% B. BET specific surface area of the catalyst system was 9.7 m g F Also in the study, it was claimed that the maximum reaction rate was not observed at the beginning of the reaction due to the pore diffusion resistance and hydrogen desorp-tion/absorption equilibrium in the catalyst was in need of time. The catalyst system lost 30% of its initial catalytic activity after 3 cycle and 46% after 6 cycle [23]. 

Researchers have different models and means of measuring the thermal conductivity, some of which are sandwiched panel design between two conductive plates (Hunt et al. 1991), guarded hot plate method (Ge et al. 2009), vibrational thermal relaxation technique developed by Bemasconi et al. (1992) and modified Tsao s model predictive theoretical technique (Cheng and Vachon 1969). 

Fig. 41. Contact angles (WUhelmy plate method) of untreated and differently modified silicone surfaces...

Park et al. [44] modified a Pellethane surface with poly(ethylene glycol) (MW) = 1000, PEGlk carrying terminal hydroxyl, amino, and sulfonate groups, respectively, to reduce bacterial adhesion (Fignre 2.8). After modification, the authors measured the dynamic C A before and after hydration using the Wilhelmy plate method. 

Figure 3. Illustration of critical micelle concentration (CMC) measurement results using the modified Wilhelmy plate method. CMC is obtained as the intercept of the linear portion of two slopes relating wetting force (or surface tension) to analyte concentration.

Figure 4. Sample chambers of the modified plate method...

Blocking of plastic film can be determined by a parallel plate method. Several devices and sample assemblies are described in the standard, ranging from very simple equipment based on a modified technical balance in which one arm is attached to a parallel assembly of tested samples, and the other arm has a liquid dispensed from a buret to apply a load sufficient to separate two surfaces. Also, an electromechanical device is described. The ISO standard has a similar title but a different principle of measurement. 

The antibacterial activity of the nanocomposites was investigated by modified Kirby-Bauer diffusion plate method against gram negative Escherichia coli (E. coli) and gram positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). An equal quantity of the nanocomposites with different Ag-NPs concentrations was pressed into pellets of diameters about 13 mm and thickness of 1-2 mm and incubated with the bacteria at 37 °C. Zone of inhibition was measured after 24 h of incubation. Broth dilution method was employed to determine the values of MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) of PPy-NTs Ag-NPs nanocomposites against E. coli and 5. aureus. 

The media used in the two types of t. sts an different and may, thereby, modify the action of the antibacterial substances. The influon c of alkalinity, salts, and phosphate concentration on the activity of streptothricin (73) can be cited as an example of the effect of composition of medium on activity. Several different media were used in the serial dilution methods. The kinds of media used in testing (when given in the original publications) are as follows Streak-plate method (104,115,145,146,160,162, 164,166,170). Serial dilution method in (a) beef extract, small inocula (96,102), and large inocula (158) (6) beef heart broth (119,122), small inocula (112,177), and large inocula (50,71,113) (c) beef heart dextrose (123), small inocula (132) (d) nutrient broth (107,158,165) (e) nutrient broth dextrose (57,118,158) (/) 1% tryptone broth, small inocula (134). 

In their pioneering paper on laminated plates, Reissner and Stavsky investigated an approximate approach (in addition to their exact approach) to calculate deflections and stresses for antisymmetric angie-ply laminated plates [5-27]. Much later, Ashton extended their approach to structural response of more general unsymmetrically laminated plates and called it the reduced stiffness matrix method [5-28]. The attraction of what is now called the Reduced Bending Stiffness (RBS) method is that an unsymmetrically laminated plate can be treated as an orthotropic plate using only a modified D matrix in the solution, i.e.,... 

The direct-solution method of Akers and Wade [1] is among several which attempt to reduce the amount of trial-and-error solutions. This has been accomplished and has proven quite versatile in application. The adaptation outlined modifies the symbols and rearranges some terms for convenient use by the designer [3]. Dew point and bubble point compositions and the plate temperatures can be determined directly. Constant molal overflow is assumed, and relative volatility is held constant over sections of the column. 

The continuous tin-plate thickness gage utilizing Method I (6.2) has a counterpart in the Applied Research Laboratories Quantrol,16 which makes the same measurement by Method II (modified) on electrolytic tin plate at the Kaiser Steel Company, Fontana, California, and elsewhere. 

Mass loss determinations refer to the total change resulting from reactant decomposition and usually include contributions from a mixture of product compounds, some of which would normally be condensed under conditions used for accumulatory pressure measurements. Such information concerned with the overall process is, however, often usefully supplemented by evolved gas analyses (EGA) using appropriate analytical methods. Sestak [130] has made a detailed investigation of the effects of size and shape of reactant container on decomposition kinetics and has recommended that the sample be spread as a thin layer on the surfaces of a multiple plate holder. The catalytic activity of platinum as a reactant support may modify [131] the apparent kinetic behaviour. 

In order to predict Lhe transition point from stable streamline to stable turbulent flow, it is necessary to define a modified Reynolds number, though it is not clear that the same sharp transition in flow regime always occurs. Particular attention will be paid to flow in pipes of circular cross-section, but the methods are applicable to other geometries (annuli, between flat plates, and so on) as in the case of Newtonian fluids, and the methods described earlier for flow between plates, through an annulus or down a surface can be adapted to take account of non-Newtonian characteristics of the fluid. 

One method we might use is to cool the melt to incipient nuclei-formatlon. toss in the seed-crystal, and allow the melt to freeze into a single crystal. This is the KYROPOULOS method which we will discuss in detail later. Alas, this method only works for a few systems, notably alkali halides (cubic) and the like. We find that we can use a seed-crystal to grow single crystals, but only if we use it under carefully defined conditions. A modified K5rropoulos method has been used for many years to form single-crystal sapphire up to 13.0 inches in dieimeter. Plates cut from such crystals are used as windows and substrates for all sorts of integrated circuits, as well as watch "crystals". 

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