Plasticizers and Flame Retardants

FYARESTOR-100 is a highly effective, economical, halogen-ated organic ideally suited for use in plastic and other products requiring flame retardancy with optimum cost/performance advantages. 

Flame Retardance-Highly effective organic flame retardant -Synergistic with all inorganic flame retardants 

Efficiency-Superior to chlorinated paraffins Cost-Cost/performance advantage over chlorinated paraffins Compatibility-Compatible in both water and solvent based systems 

Appearance Clear, light colored liquid Chlorine, % 40 Bromine, % 20 Applications  

FYARESTOR 102 is a bromochlorinated paraffin that performs as an effective flame retardant plasticizer in coated fabrics formulations for synthetic and natural fiber blends. Similar to chlorinated paraffins, FYARESTOR 102 offers greater flame retardant performance due to its functional bromine levels, yet retains similar plasticizer performance due to its low viscosity. 

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Organophosphoms compounds, primarily phosphonic acids, are used as sequestrants, scale inhibitors, deflocculants, or ion-control agents in oil wells, cooling-tower waters, and boiler-feed waters. Organophosphates are also used as plasticizers and flame retardants in plastics and elastomers, which accounted for 22% of PCl consumed. Phosphites, in conjunction with Hquid mixed metals, such as calcium—zinc and barium—cadmium heat stabilizers, function as antioxidants and stabilizer adjutants. In 1992, such phosphoms-based chemicals amounted to slightly more than 6% of all such plastic additives and represented 8500 t of phosphoms. Because PVC production is expected to increase, the use of phosphoms additive should increase 3% aimually through 1999. 

The list of new chemicals whose presence in the environment represents an ascertained or potential risk is sizeable and broadly contains resins, plastics, and plastic additives (e.g., plasticizers and flame retardants) pharmaceuticals and personal care products (e.g., disinfectants, fragrances, sunscreens, antibiotics, drugs of abuse, and natural and synthetic hormones) detergents and other cleaning... 

Polyolefines, like simple alkanes, can be chlorinated by chlorine giving hydrogen chloride and chlorinated products such as Tyrin, used as plasticizers and flame retardants, and poly (vinyl dichloride), which has better heat resistance than PVC and is used for hot water piping. 

Cyclopcntene, cyclohexene, and eydoocladicne arc all specially compounds. Cyclooctadicne became avuilublc in commercial quantities in I9h8 It is used in plastics and flame retardants. 

Fogging This test is a special case of test chamber examination-SVOCs such as plasticizers and flame retardants are precipitated inside the chamber on a cooled surface. The method had initially been developed for examining automotive parts in order to determine the portion of fogging-active substances. It can also be used for examining other products used indoors. The fogging value (in Xg), usually determined over a 14-day period, is a characteristic for the SVOC quantity which can be expected to condense on cold indoor surfaces. The fogging method is based on a convention. If results are to be compared, the studies must be carried out in an identical manner (Uhde et al., 2001 Wensing, Uhde and Salthammer, 2005). 

Table 11.3 Organophosphates (plasticizers and flame retardants) in house dust (mgkg ). 

A special class of non-reactive additives in polymer materials are CPs, which have plasticizing and flame-retarding properties. They were found in an emission test of a television set with a maximum concentration of 2.2 tgm-3 after 220 h of operation (Wensing, 2003). CP are used as a substitute for PCBs, which have been prohibited worldwide since 2001. The detection of CP in indoor air needs a complex analytical procedure because the amount of single compounds in a CP mixture is high. Therefore, this class is seldom found during standard TD-GC-MS analysis. 

Structurally modified PVF has been extruded.66 Thin films are manufactured by extrusion of a dispersion of PVF in a latent solvent.67 Such dispersion contains usually pigments, stabilizers, plasticizers, and flame retardants as well as deglossing agents if needed. The solvent is removed by evaporation. The extruded film can be biaxially oriented and the solvent is removed by evaporation only after the orientation is completed. 

PEARSALL PRODUCTS Plasticizers and Flame Retardants(Continued) FYARESTOR 205 ... 

Antimony is primarily used in alloys, ceramics and glass, plastics, and flame retardant materials. Flame retardant materials do not burn with an open flame. Instead, they smolder or do not burn at all. 

Chloroparaffines are used, for instance, in coolants and lubricants in the metalworking industry and as additives in paints, plastics and rubber. They fulfil the function of plasticizer and flame retardant. 

Relatively Httle is known about industrial organophosphates, such as triphenyl phosphate, trioctyl phosphate, and tris(chloropropyl) phosphate. These compounds are used as plasticizers and flame retardants and are likely to reach the marine environment. Six organophosphates were detected in the water of Osaka Bay in concentrations ranging from 0.1 pg/1 to 1.3 pg/1. The compounds tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate and tributyl phosphate were the most abundant [144]. 

Of the compounding ingredients, fillers and plasticizers are more important in terms of quantities used. Other additives used in smaller quantities are antioxidants, stabilizers, colorants, flame retardants, etc. The ingredients used as antioxidants and light stabilizers, and their effect have been discussed previously. Fillers, plasticizers and flame retardants are described next. 

A 2011 study by Lithner et al. (2011) assessed the environmental and health hazards posed by plastics, based on the toxicity of their monomers. The classification is not inherent to the polymer as it is based primarily on residual monomer (with selected additives, plasticizer, and flame retardants). The ranking (see Table 8.8) can have relevance only for occupational exposures and in some food-contact uses of plastics. Also, future advances in residual monomer reduction technology and green substitution of additives can change the status of a polymer in this assessment. Where recyclabihty" is used as a ranking criterion, it generally refers to technical recyclabihty that has little to do with if the resin will in fact be recycled in practice. 

There are several straight-chain saturated hydrocarbons in the C10-C30 range, which are directly chlorinated to produce chlorinated paraffins, used as coolants and lubricants for metal-working compounds and also as plasticizers and flame retardants. 

GC combined with different extraction and detection techniques, such as Py-GC, Py-GC/MS, SFE-GC, thermodesorption cooled injection system (TD-CIS)-GC/MS among others, has been widely applied to the analysis of many additives. The use of Py-GC and Py-GC/MS in the determination of lubricants, antioxidants, plasticizers, and flame retardants was discussed in depth by Wang and CO workers. In the case of antioxidants, Py-GC... 

Chloronaphthalene oil n. Any of several nearly colorless oils derived by chlorinating naphthalene, used as plasticizers and flame retardants. 

Phosphorus trichloride (PCI3) is an industrial chemical that serves as a precursor to other important chemicals such as PCI5, POCI3, and PSCI3, which in turn serve as starting materials in the synthesis of insecticides, herbicides, plasticizers, and flame retardants. Hundreds of thousands of tons of PCI3 are produced annually, worldwide, based on direct combination of the elements ... 

MPRs have a good degree of weather and chemical resistance. They are also used in applications requiring vibration absorption characteristics. Typical durometer hardnesses are Shore A 60,76, and 90. MPRs are compounded with various property enhancers, especially stabilizers, plasticizers, and flame retardants. 

Used as a plasticizer and flame retardant in the production of PVC, PS, PC, butadiene rubber, cellulose acetate, and aceto-butyrate. 

The polymeric/ soft materials chapter represents the largest expansion for the 2nd edition. This chapter describes all polymeric classes including dendritic polymers, as well as important additives such as plasticizers and flame-retardants, and emerging applications such as molecular magnets and self-repairing polymers. This edition now features click chemistry polymerization, silicones, conductive polymers and biomaterials apphcations such as biodegradable polymers, biomedical devices, dmg delivery, and contact lenses. 

These range from plasticizers and flame retardants to inert fillers. These are also not listed as they form the basis of resin blends. They are able to affect many properties such as elongation, flammability and viscosity (Table 2.6). 

Phosphorus is oxidized into phosphorus pentoxide, which is used to make phosphorus oxychloride to produce triaryl phosphate plasticizer and flame retarder for rubber. 

Due to the widespread use of PCBs as dielectric and heat-transferring fluids in power transformers, hydraulic fluids, intense use as plasticizers and flame retardants and due to their stable molecular structure, PCBs with its 209 possible congeners, are still today subject to be monitored in environmental analysis (US EPA,... 

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