Plasticizer aromatic hydrocarbon oils

Plasticizers/oils. These are added for several reasons (a) to improve the compatibility between SBR and the other additives (b) as extender (to reduce cost) (c) to soften the SBR (d) to change the wetting properties. The most common additives are organic phosphates, phthalate esters and aromatic hydrocarbon oils. 

T. Ono, G. Tabele, A. Kobayashi, and A. Matsuda, Mannfactnre of aromatic hydrocarbon oils by pyrolysis of waste polyoleflnic plastics, JP 04180995, 1991. 

Commercial cmde lecithin is a brown to light yeUow fatty substance with a Hquid to plastic consistency. Its density is 0.97 g/mL (Uquid) and 0.5 g/mL (granule). The color is dependent on its origin, process conditions, and whether it is unbleached, bleached, or filtered. Its consistency is deterrnined chiefly by its oil, free fatty acid, and moisture content. Properly refined lecithin has practically no odor and has a bland taste. It is soluble in aflphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, including the halogenated hydrocarbons however, it is only partially soluble in aflphatic alcohols (Table 5). Pure phosphatidylcholine is soluble in ethanol. 

PCBs are industrial compounds which were widely used as organic diluents, plasticizers, pesticide extenders, adhesives, dust-reducing agents, cutting oils, flame retardants, heat transfer fluids, dielectric fluids for transformers and capacitors, hydraulic lubricants, sealants and in carbonless copy paper. PCBs have entered the environment via multiple pathways and residues of these compounds have been identified in air, water, wildlife and human adipose tissue, serum and milk.89-91 Like many other aromatic hydrocarbons, PCBs are highly lipophilic and chemically stable and this has contributed to their environmental persistence and bioconcentration in the food chain. PCBs were originally... 

The aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons may contain a substituted halogen element and are often referred to as halogenated hydrocarbons. These include, for example, perchloroethylene, trichloroethylene, and carbon tetrachloride. Organic solvents are very useful and have extensive applications in industry because they help in the manufacture of oils, fats, resins, rubber, and plastics. In fact, the role of organic solvents increased in the latter half of the nineteenth century with the development of the coal-tar industry. The wide application of organic solvents grew and became diverse and global. 

Figure 11.5 shows that the functional group compositional analysis of the pyrolysis oil/waxes derived from the fixed-bed pyrolysis of PVC, PS and PET is very different from the polyalkene plastic pyrolysis oil/waxes. The spectra of the PVC pyrolysis oil/wax shows that the characteristic peaks of alkanes and alkenes are present as described for the polyalkene plastics. Since the PVC plastic polymer is based on a similar backbone structure to the polyalkene plastics, a similar degradation product oil/wax composition may be expected. However, the spectra for PVC in Figure 11.5 show that there are additional peaks in the region of 675-900 cm and 1575-1625 cm The presence of these peaks indicates the presence of mono-aromatic, polycyclic aromatic and substituted aromatic groups. Benzene has been identified as a major constituent in oils derived from the pyrolysis of PVC whilst other aromatic compounds identified included alkylated benzenes and naphthalene and other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [19, 32, 39]... 

Rubbers are plasticized with petroleum oils, before vulcanization, to improve processability and adhesion of rubber layers to each other and to reduce the cost and increase the softness of the final product. Large quantities of these oil-extended rubbers are used in tire compounds and related products. The oil content is frequently about 50 wt% of the styrene-butadiene rubber. The chemical composition of the extender oil is important. Saturated hydrocarbons have limited compatibility with most rubbers and may sweat-out. Aromatic oils are more compatible and unsaturated straight chain and cyclic compounds are intermediate in solvent power. 

Properties Thermoplastic, white powder or clear film odorless tasteless. Chlorine content 29-30.5%. Soluble in aromatic hydrocarbons. Softens at 110-120C. Films are highly resistant to moisture, oils, acids, and alkalies but tend to become brittle on exposure to sunlight. The life of such films is greatly extended by the incorporation of suitable stabilizers and plasticizers. Nonflammable, nontoxic. 

Pyrolysis can be used for the thermal decomposition of waste materials that are predominantly organic in nature, e.g. scrap tyres, scrap cables, waste plastics, shredder wastes, and acid sludge. Rotary kilns are particularly suitable as universally applicable pyrolysis units for continuous operation. Highly aromatic pyrolysis oils for use as chemical raw materials are obtained at reactor temperatures of about 700 °G. Such pyrolysis oils could form the basis for the production of aromatics such as benzene, naphthalene, and their homologues, thermoplastic hydrocarbon resins and precursors of industrial carbon, when the proven processes for the refining of coal tar and crude benzene are applied. 

The diene hydrocarbon rubbers are often blended with hydrocarbon oils. The oils decrease polymer viscosity and reduce hardness and low temperatures brittle point of the cured product. They are thus closely analogous to the plasticizers used with thermoplastics but are generally known as softners. Three main types of softners are distinguished aliphatic, aromatic, and naphthenic. The naphthenics are preferred for general all-round properties. 

Plasticizers include esters of aromatic and aliphatic acids and anhydrides, epoxidized oil, phosphate esters, hydrocarbon oils and polymeric materials. PVC is the polymer most in need of plasticizers, but polyvinyl acetate, epoxies, cellulose nitrate and acetates also require these additives. 

Uses Surfactant, wetting agent, lubricant, detackifier, emulsifier, foam stabilizer, humectant, spreading agent, resin plasticizer for personal care prods, (hair fixatives, skin care, shave prods., shampoos), textiles, paints Properties Clear to straw liq. water-sol. below 73 C sol. in aromatic hydrocarbons, castor oil, 95% ethanol, 99% IPA, propylene glycol, octyidimethyl PABA sp.gr. 1.07 dens. 8.82 Ib/gal vise. 250-600 cSt flash pt. (CC) > 150 C surf. tens. 24.5 dynes/cm 100% silicone Use Level 0.5-3.0%... 

Chem. Descrip. Oil-modified sebacic acid alkyd polymeric plasticizer Uses Plasticizer for PVB, NC films, fabric coatings ethyl cellulose cable, paper, wood, and metal lacquers grinding medium for NC lacquers Features Permanent exc. pigment wetting and stability props. Properties Yel. vise, liq. sol. in aromatic hydrocarbons and in mixts. with ethanol, butanol, and ethyl acetate sp.gr. 0.998 vise. (G-H) Z2 acid no. 3.5 max. flash pt. 288 C fire pt. 313 C Uniflex DBS [Arizona Eastech]... 

Uses Curing agent for epoxy resins solvent for extraction of benzene, toluene, other aromatic hydrocarbons from oil refinery streams cosolvent in Sulfinol gas desulfurization process aprotic process solvent (chem. synthesis) solvent in surf, coatings, pharmaceuticals, polymerization selective solvent separation of low boiling alcohols, mineral oils, tars plasticizer dielec, in elec, equipment component in hydraulic fluids medicine (antibacterial) adjuvant in prod, of polyatylsulfone resins for food pkg. 

---