Plant monocotyledonous

Dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid, together with the 2-methyl-4-chloro and the 2,4,5-trichloro analogs, 2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)propionic acid, and many other related compounds, constitute one of the major classes of herbicides, selective primarily to dicotyledonous plants. Monocotyledons,... 

PHYTOTOXKIT Plants (monocotyledons and 1. Sorghum saccharatum 72 h Chronic toxicity (inhibition of —... 

Ihe Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Vol. IV. Flowering Plants, Monocotyledons, Alismatanae and Commelinanae (except Gramineae). Berlin Springer. 

Vegetable fibers are classified according to their source ia plants as follows (/) the bast or stem fibers, which form the fibrous bundles ia the inner bark (phloem or bast) of the plant stems, are often referred to as soft fibers for textile use (2) the leaf fibers, which mn lengthwise through the leaves of monocotyledonous plants, are also referred to as hard fibers and (J) the seed-hair fibers, the source of cotton (qv), are the most important vegetable fiber. There are over 250,000 species of higher plants however, only a very limited number of species have been exploited for commercial uses (less than 0.1%). The commercially important fibers are given ia Table 1 (1,2). 

The long leaf fibers contribute strength to the leaves of certain nonwoody, monocotyledonous plants. They extend longitudinally the hiU length of the leaf and are buried in tissues of a parenchymatous nature. The fibers found nearest the leaf surface are the strongest. The fibers are separated from the pulp tissue by scraping because there is Htde bonding between fiber and pulp this operation is called decortication. Leaf fiber strands are also multiceUed in stmcture. 

Fig. 3. The scheme of the precipitates formed by the crude protein extracts of plants of the groups monocotyledons (1-11, table 1) and dicotyledons (12-23 table 1) with antibodies against wheat chitin-binding proteins (I) and with antibodies against wheat anionic PO (H).

Under natural conditions. Agrobacterium does not appear to infect monocotyledonous plants. Genetic manipulation of cereal crops using a Ti-plasmid delivered by Agrobacterium therefore seems out of the question. However, there are some data to suggest that Agrobacterium can, under certain circumstances, infect monocots, but that it does not cause... 

Hooykaas-van Slogteren, G.M.S., Hooykaas, P.J.J. Schilperoort, R.A. (1984). Expression of Ti plasmid genes in monocotyledonous plants infected with Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Nature, 311, 763-4. 

Hitchcock, C. L., Cronquist, A., Ownbey, M., and Thompson, J. W. 1969. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. Part I. Vascular Cryptograms, Gymnosperms, and Monocotyledons. University of Washington Press, Seattle, WA. 

Despite increased citrate accumulation in roots of Zn-deficient rice plants, root exudation of citrate was not enhanced. However, in distinct adapted rice cultivars, enhanced release of citrate could be observed in the presence of high bicarbonate concentrations in the rooting medium, a stress factor, which is frequently associated with Fe and Zn deficiency in calcareous soils (235) (Hajibo-huid, unpublished). This bicarbonate-induced citrate exudation has been related to improved Zn acquisition in bicarbonate-tolerant and Zn-efficient rice genotypes (Fig. 9) (23S). Increased exudation of sugars, amino acids, and phenolic compounds in response to Zn deficiency has been reported for various dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plant species and seems to be related to increased... 

Another limitation to the studies in Table 1 is the small number of plant species tested. Primarily monocotyledonous plants have been studied, although McClure et al. (26) found ferulic acid inhibitory in soybean. The restriction of studies to monocots is probably because the mechanism of mineral absorption has been more fully elucidated with monocots. Harper and Balke (32) reported some minor differences in the inhibition of K+ absorption by salicylic acid among oats (Avena sativa L.), wheat (Triticum aestlvum L.), barley, and maize roots. 

I The distinction between mono-and dicotyledonous plants is quite simple monocotyledons are flowering plants which have only one seed leaf, and usually have parallel-veined leaves, flower parts in multiples of three, and no secondary growth in stems and roots, whereas dicotyledons are flowering plants with two seed leaves (cotyledons), net-veined leaves, flower parts in fours and fives, and in woody plants have cambium, a layer of formative cells between the wood and the bark the cells increase by division and differentiate to form new wood and bark. 

The objective of this paper was to investigate the anticlastogenic and antitoxic effects exerted by HS of various origin and nature on several monocotyledon and dicotyledon herbaceous plant species treated with different mutagenic and phytotoxic compounds. 

In monocotyledonous plants, including all the cereals, storage proteins are found mainly in the endosperm. The major storage compounds are carbohydrates rather... 

Neurnann D, Schwieger W, Lichtenberger O. Accumulation of silicon in the monocotyledons Deschampsia caespitosa, Festuca lemanii and Schoenus nigricans. Plant Biol 1999 1 290-298. 

Bowman-Birk protease inhibitors (BBIs) are among the best-studied serine protease inhibitors. They are found abundantly in dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants, with the former species expressing inhibitors of approximately 8 kDa in size with two reactive sites (double headed) and the latter expressing 8 kDa inhibitors with one reactive site and 16 kDa inhibitors with two reactive sites. Dicot BBIs feature 14 cysteine residues involved in disulfide bonds monocot BBIs have 10 cysteine residues. ... 

Potato type II (Potll) inhibitors are disulfide-rich peptides of approximately 50 amino acids in size. They were first discovered in leaves, seeds, and other organs of Solanaceae and are a source of much interest as plant defense proteins. Recently, Barta et analyzed expressed sequence tag (EST) and genomic data and discovered 11 genes that code for Potll inhibitors in various monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. Potll inhibitors are expressed as large precursor proteins that contain up to eight sequence repeats of the inhibitor precursor. In one particularly fascinating case from the ornamental tobacco (N. data), the precursor adopts a circular permuted structure.Barta et al. observed that genes outside the Solanaceae family seem... 

In monocotyledonous plants (grasses and cereals) and some others, there is no division of mesophyll tissue, and injury normally appears as a bifacial fleck.Some plants, after extended exposure to low concentrations of pollution (either continuously or intermittently), produce chlorotic patterns that may be distinctive of oxidant pollution or similar to symptoms of normal senescence. The early senescence seen in some plants may be a result of long-term exposure to ambient oxidants. 

Opuntia leptocaulis Aliphatics and Unclassified Chaetomium globosum globosuxanthone A-C, OHvertixanthone Monocotyledonous Plants 67... 

General mineral nutrition status improvement for the host plant has been studied frequently to understand the roles of endophytic fungi. Iron nutrition, however, has been studied only occasionally. P. fortinii strains obtained from Pinus sylvestris, Abies alba, Picea abies, and Carex curvula (the last a monocotyledonous plant) were found to produce the cyclic hexapeptide siderophores ferricrocin (73), ferrirubin (74) and ferrichrome C (75). The concentration and pattern of siderophore production was dependent on ferric ion concentration, pH of the medium, and the strain of endophyte. 

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