Siderophores production

Plant and microbial competition for iron involves very complex interactions that are influenced by a number of factors (Fig. 2). These include differences in the level of siderophore production by all of the competing microorganisms, the chciTiical stabilities of various siderophores and other chelators with iron, their... 

VI. SIDEROPHORE PRODUCTION IN THE RHIZOSPHERE A. Types of Siderophores Produced... 

Siderophore production by rhizosphere bacteria that are culturable on agar media has been estimated by plating out colonies on an indicator agar medium containing chrome azurol, a weak iron-chelating complex that changes color upon... 

These data strongly suggest that siderophore production by root-colonizing microorganisms is induced only at a level neeessary to supplement that which is not provided by phytosiderophores and organic acids released during the plant iron stress response. Thus, the plant iron stress response may control iron availability to microorganisms in the rhizosphere. 

Rhizobium have been reported, but to date there is little evidence that siderophores produced by pseudomonads are beneficial for promoting nodulation and nitrogen fixation. In experiments examining the role of siderophore production on nodulated clover plants, siderophore-defective mutants were shown to stimulate growth of nodulated clover plants similarly to the siderophore-producing parent strain (119). 

D. B. Alexander and D. A. Zuberer, Use of chrome azurol S reagents to evaluate siderophore production by rhizosphere bacteria. Biol. Fertil. Soils 14 39 (1991). 

J. M. Costa and J. E. Loper, Characterization of siderophore production by the biological control agent Enterohacter cloacae. Mol. Plant Microb. Interact. 7 440 (1994). 

K. Mulya, M. Watanabe, M. Goto, Y. Takikawa, and S. Tsuyuniu, Suppression of bacterial wilt di.sease in tomato by root-dipping with P.seudomonas fluorescens PfG32 The role of antibiotic substances and siderophore production. An. Phytopath. Soc. Jpn. 62 (1996). 

J. S. Duhan, S. S. Dudeja, and A. L. Khurana. Siderophore production in relation to N fixation and iron uptake in pigeon pea-Rhizobium symbiosis. Folia Microbiol. 45 421 (1998). 

As research continues into the field of siderophore production and iron uptake, the knowledge gained will be invaluable to the development of medical treatments for bacterial infection,... 

Wilhelm, S. W. and Trick, C. G. (1994). Iron-limited growth of cyanobacteria -multiple siderophore production is a common response, Limnol. Oceanogr., 39, 1979-1984. 

Hersman LE, Huang A, Maurice PA, Forsythe JH (2000) Siderophore Production and Iron Reduction by Pseudomonas mendocina in Response to Iron Deprivation. Geomicrobiology J 17 261... 

Holinsworth B, Martin JD (2009) Siderophore Production by Marine-derived Fungi. Biometals 22 625... 

Lesueur D, Diem HG, Meyer JM (1993) Iron Requirement and Siderophore Production in Bradyrhizobium Strains Isolated from Acacia mangium. J Appl Bacteriol 74 675... 

Van Tiel-Menkveld GJ, Mentjox-Vervuurt JM, OudegaB, de Graaf FK (1982) Siderophore Production by Enterobacter cloacae and a Common Receptor Protein for the Uptake of Aerobactin and Cloacin DF13. J Bacteriol 150 490... 

General mineral nutrition status improvement for the host plant has been studied frequently to understand the roles of endophytic fungi. Iron nutrition, however, has been studied only occasionally. P. fortinii strains obtained from Pinus sylvestris, Abies alba, Picea abies, and Carex curvula (the last a monocotyledonous plant) were found to produce the cyclic hexapeptide siderophores ferricrocin (73), ferrirubin (74) and ferrichrome C (75). The concentration and pattern of siderophore production was dependent on ferric ion concentration, pH of the medium, and the strain of endophyte. 

M. Holzberg and W.M. Artis, Hydroxamate siderophore production by opportunistic and systemic fungal pathogens, Infect. Immun., 40, 1134, 1983. 

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