Stem fibers

Vegetable fibers are classified according to their source ia plants as follows (/) the bast or stem fibers, which form the fibrous bundles ia the inner bark (phloem or bast) of the plant stems, are often referred to as soft fibers for textile use (2) the leaf fibers, which mn lengthwise through the leaves of monocotyledonous plants, are also referred to as hard fibers and (J) the seed-hair fibers, the source of cotton (qv), are the most important vegetable fiber. There are over 250,000 species of higher plants however, only a very limited number of species have been exploited for commercial uses (less than 0.1%). The commercially important fibers are given ia Table 1 (1,2). 

Stengel, m. stalk, stem column, -faser, /. stalk fiber, stem fiber, -gewebe, n. (Bot.) stem tissue. 

Bast or stem fibers Oute, mesta, banana)... 

Stem fibers Esparto Esparto [Stipa tenadssima) grass... 

Flax, widely adapted to warm and cool climates, has been cultivated for centuries in various parts of the world for its stem fiber, linen cloth, and seed. Linseed is an alternative name used for flax. Crops grown for seed are termed linseed in India and in the United Kingdom and flaxseed in Canada and the United States, and flax oil or flax seed is used in many European countries. 

Diederichsena A, Ulrich A (2009) Variability in stem fiber content and its associatiother characteristics in 1177 flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) genebank accessions. Ind Crops Prod 30(l) 33-39... 

Bast fiber is extracted from phloem surrounding the stem of fibrous plants, mainly dicotyledonous ones. Figure 4.4 presents cross section of fibrous plant stem. Bark or skin protects the plant against moisture evaporation, sudden temperature changes, as well as partly gives mechanical reinforcement to the stem. Fibers are located in the phloem and occur usually in bundles under the skin they support the conductive... 

Vegetable (Cellulose) fiber Fibers obtained from various parts of plants are known as vegetable fibers. These fibers are classified as (a) bast or stem fibers, (b) leaf fiber, and (c) fruit fiber... 

There are several different classifications in terms of plant fibers. While the classification of Nishino [59] includes seven groups as bast (soft) fibers (flax, hemp, jute), leaf (hard) fibers (sisal, abaca, pineapple, etc.), stem fibers (bamboo, banana stalk, corn stalk), fruit fibers (coconut), seed fibers (cotton, baobab, kapok), straw fibers (rice, wheat, corn), and others (seaweeds, palm), that of Faruk et al. [3] has six groups bast fibers (jute, flax, hemp), leaf fibers (abaca, sisal and pineapple), seed fibers (coir, cotton and kapok), core fibers (kenaf, hemp and jute), grass and reed fibers (wheat, corn and rice) and all other types (wood and roots). 

Bast (stem) fibers Flax, Hemp (and Sunhemp), Kenaf, Jute, Mesta, Ramie, Urena, Roselle, Papyrus, Cordia, Indian Malow, Nettle... 

The term natural fibers covers a broad range of vegetable, animal, and mineral fibers. However, in the composites industry, it usually refers to wood fiber and plant-based bast, leaf seed, and stem fibers. These fibers often contribute greatly to the structural performance of the plant and, when used in plastic composites, can provide significant reinforcement. Below is a brief introduction to some of the natural fibers used in plastics. More detailed information can be found elsewhere [1-4]. 

All bast (stem) fibers (flax, kenaf, ramie, nettle, hemp, jute) as well as hard fibers (caroa, sisal) are suitable as for reinforcing fibers for natural fiber reinforced polymer composites, if they have a high tensile modulus and sufficient tensile strength. In addition to cultivation site, type and harvest, the properties of natural fibers depend significantly on the fiber extraction method. An extraction to technical fiber grades, i.e. production of bundles with different number of single fibers, is generally sufficient for use in plastics composites. The properties of such extracted fibers may be described as follows ... 

On the basis of their life cycle, biofibers are divided into two types annual biofibers and perennial biofibers. Further, these biofibers are divided into different categories such as plant-based, animal-based, and mineral-based biofibers, depending upon their origin. Most plant fibers are composed of celluloses, hemicelluloses, lignins, pectins, and waxes, whereas animal fibers consist of proteins, for example, hair, silk, and wool. Plant fibers include stem fibers, leaf fibers, seeds, fruit wood, cereal crops, and other grass fibers. 

Bast or stem fibers, derived from the fibrous bundles in tbe inner bark of plant stems. 

Stem fibers Bamboo, Bagasse, Banana stalk, Cork stalk... 

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