Plant structural tissues

FIGURE 8 Lignocellulose compounds of higher plant structural tissues from terrestrial and land-water interface regions form a major source of RDOM within aquatic ecosystems, and a major metabolic coupling between the drainage basin and aquatic ecosystems. Chemical structure indicates a humic macromolecule (P. Hatcher, personal communication). 

A compilation of structure-function relationships for plant cells is depicted in Table 2 while Table 3 categorizes their locations within plant tissues. A color atlas of plant structure has been published by Bowles (102). The reader is referred to Esau (103), Fahn (105), Fosket (108), Maseuth (106), Moore and Clark (109), Steeves and Sussex (104), and Raven et al. (107) for in-depth discussions of both the morphology and physiology of stems, roots, leaves, and flowers, i. e., plant organs. Certain of these volumes consider the structural differences between monocot and dicot roots and stems. 

Plant Cells and Tissues Structure-Function Relationships. Methods for the Cytochemical/Histochemical Localization of Plant Cell/Tissue Chemicals. Methods in Light Microscope Radioautography. Some Fluorescence Microscopical Methods for Use with Algal, Fungal, and Plant Cells. Fluorescence Microscopy of Aniline Blue Stained Pistils. A Short Introduction to Immunocytochemistry and a Protocol for Immunovi-sualization of Proteins with Alkaline Phosphatase. The Fixation of Chemical Forms on Nitrocellulose Membranes. Dark-Field Microscopy and Its Application to Pollen Tube Culture. Computer-Assisted Microphotometry. Isolation and Characterization of... 

Le Maguer and Yao (1995) presented a physical model of a plant storage tissue based on its cellular structure. The mathematical equivalent of this model was solved using a finite element-based computer method and incorporated shrinkage and different boundary conditions. The concept of volume average was used to express the concentration and absolute pressure in the intracellular volume, which is discontinuous in the tissue, as a... 

Two important facets of this proposed program should be expanded. First, it is relatively easy to screen for visible injury or damage to plant tissues. In most cases, seedlings or small plants may be evaluated, and large numbers of plants can be handled in fumigant chambers. Increasing evidence, however, shows that chronic injury in the form of reduced yields may result from exposure to pollutant gases at chronic low doses. Other injuries such as weakened plant structures and increased disease susceptibility may also result. It is considerably more difficult to evaluate... 

The process engineering requirements of plant cell, tissue or organ systems are quite different than those typically seen with bacteria or non-plant eukaryotic systems. The sizes of plant cells or cell aggregates, for example, are almost four orders of magnitude larger than a typical bacterial cell. Organized plant structures in culture are macroscopic and easily seen with the naked eye. The ability to handle effectively the variety of possible plant structures is a formidable task, but one which is necessary for successful commercial exploitation for chemicals production. 

Animal fibers are basically made up of some kind of protein. Collagen, a crystalline material, is the basic structural fiber of the animal kingdom. It is found in virtually all animals, usually as a component of a complex plant connective tissue. Its structure is based on a helical arrangement of three, noncoaxial, helical polypeptides, stabilized by interchain hydrogen bonds. The three helical... 

Each of the materials recognized as belonging to a specific maceral class (according to the criteria shown in Figure 2) has physical and chemical properties that depend upon its composition in the peat swamp and the effects of subsequent metamorphic alteration. Thus, for instance, in all coals there is material derived from the structural tissues ( wood ) of plants. These woody substances (lignin, cellulose) are the dominant components of plants, and hence their derivatives dominate in typical coals. In the peat swamp some of the woody tissues may have been pyrolyzed by fire, forming a carbon-rich char recognized as fusinite in the coal. In some coal layers fusinite may be the dominant maceral, and such layers would be referred to as fusinite-rich types of coal. 

The most metabolic activity of plants is carried out in the tissue called parenchyma, which generally makes up the bulk of the volume of all soft edible plant structures. The epidermis, which sometimes is replaced by a layer of corky tissue, is structurally modified to protect the surface of the organ. The highly specialized tissues collenchyma and sclerenchyma provide mechanical support for the plant. Water, minerals, and products of metabolism are transported from one part to another of the plant through the vascular tissues, xylem and phloem, which are the most characteristic anatomical features of plants on the cross section. 

The nutrient ratios vary insignificantly, i.e., 143-165 for C N, 1246-1383 forCiP, and 8.40-8.80 for N P ratio for the total plant biomass. The content of nutrients in leaf tissues is higher and C N and C P ratios are correspondingly smaller. Thus, we should remember that nutrient ratios increase with time as the vegetation species become increasingly dominated by structural tissues with lower concentration of essential species (Schlezinger, 1991). 

Most recently these ideas have been combined with a numerical cell model to relate S(q, A, r) to cell structure in plant parenchyma tissue.143 Using PGSE data for apple tissue a value for the plasmalemma membrane permeability was estimated. The application of this numerical cell model to mammalian tissue might enable quantitative interpretation of diffusion weighted contrast in clinical MRI. Table 6 lists a number of other applications of the PGSE method to food-related materials, although few of these studies have attempted to explore systematically the whole of the three-dimensional q—A—r space. 

On a global basis, macroscopic, multicellular algae (seaweeds) make only a minor contribution to marine primary production 95% is accounted for by the phytoplankton. Phytoplankton are short-lived compared with terrestrial plants, especially trees, and do not need to produce supportive structural tissue, which is mostly photosynthetically inactive.Virtually the whole of the net primary production of phytoplankton is directed towards reproduction and growth, but much of this is grazed by herbivorous zooplankton. As a consequence of this efficient grazing, phytoplanktonic biomass is low and the ratio of animal to plant biomass in the oceans is greater than on land. 

Meristem culture aseptic culture of shoot meristems or other explant tissues on nutrient media for the purpose of growing whole plants. Plant meristems are centers of mitotic cell division. They are composed of a group of undifferentiated self-renewing stem cells from which most plant structures originate to form the mature bodies of vascular plants. Meristem culture has been used widely in horticulture (63). 

Jausoro, V. Lorente, B.E. Apxistolo, N.M (2010). Structural differences between hypjerhydiic and normal in intro shoots of Handroanthus impetiginosus (Mart, ex DC) Mattos (Bignoniaceae). Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, Vol.lOl, No.2, (May 2010), pp. 183-191, ISSN 1573-5044... 

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