Eukaryotic plants

Drosophila DDC belongs to a family of pyridoxal-dependent decarboxylases that extends from prokaryotes to eukaryotic plants and animals. The members of this family show significant sequence similarity over much of their length, even though the individual proteins have quite different substrate specificities, including the amino acids tyrosine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, histidine, and glutamate, and the amino acid derivatives... 

Bacteria normally harbour a single, circular chromosome that tends to be tethered to the bacterial plasma membrane and tends to have few if any closely associated proteins. Many bacteria also contain extra-chromosomal DNA in the form of plasmids, as will be discussed later. Eukaryotes (plants, animals and yeasts) posses multiple linear chromosomes contained within a cell nucleus, and these chromosomes are normally closely associated with proteins termed histones (the pro-tein-DNA complex is termed chromatin). Eukaryotes also invariably possess DNA sequences within mitochondria and in chloroplasts in plants. The (usually circular) DNA molecules are much... 

Diversification of multicellular eukaryotes (plants, fungi, animals)... 

In eukaryotic plants starch is deposited within chloroplasts or in the cytoplasm as granules (Fig. 4-6) in a specifically differentiated and physically fragile... 

Eukaryotic plants and cyanobacteria. Photosynthetic dinoflagellates, which make up much of the marine plankton, use both carotenoids and chlorophyll in light-harvesting complexes. The carotenoid peridinin (Fig. 23-29), which absorbs blue-green in the 470- to 550-nm range, predominates. The LH complex of Amphidinium carterae consists of a 30.2-kDA protein that forms a cavity into which eight molecules of peridinin but only two of chlorophyll a (Chi a) and two molecules of a galactolipid are bound (Fig. 23-29).268... 

The source organism (mammalian, lower eukaryotes, plants, prokaryotes, and viruses)... 

Stewart WD, Rowell P, Rai AN. Cyanobacteria-eukaryotic plant 70. symbioses. Ann. Microbiol. 1983 134B 205-228. 

Cheng, Z. et al. (2003). Highly divergent methyltransferases catalyze a conserved reaction in tocophenol and plastoquinone synthesis in cyanobacteria and photosynthetic eukaryotes. Plant Cell, 15, 2343-56. 

Plants produce the majority of the world s lipids, and most animals, including humans, depend on these lipids as a major source of calories and essential fatty acids. Like other eukaryotes, plants require lipids for membrane biogenesis, as signal molecules, and as a form of stored carbon and energy. In addition, leaves and other aerial surfaces, bark, herbaceous shoots, and roots each have distinctive protective lipids that help prevent desiccation and infection. To what extent does the biochemistry of plant lipid metabolism resemble that in other organisms This chapter mentions a number of similarities, but emphasizes aspects unique to plants. Major differences between lipid metabolism in plants and other organisms are summarized in Table 1. 

Every cell is separated from the outside world by a cell membrane, or plasma membrane, an assemblage of lipid molecules and proteins. In addition to the cell membrane and external to it, a prokaryotic bacterial cell has a cell wall, which is made up mostly of polysaccharide material, a feature it shares with eukaryotic plant cells. The chemical natures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell walls differ somewhat, but a common feature is that the polymerization of sugars produces the polysaccharides found in both. Because the cell wall is made up of rigid material, it presumably serves as protection for the cell. 

In aquatic eukaryotic plants there is much more evidence for control... 

Plastome, pfasridom the total genetic information contained in the DNA of the plastids of a eukaryotic plant cell. 

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