Plant structures

The plant can be divided into four parts the root system, stem, leaf and flower. 

The root system is concerned with the parts of the plant growing in the soil there are two main types  

Usually broad-leaved plants, e.g. legumes and sugar beet 

A primary root system is developed, but is replaced by an adventitious root system. 

Parts of a plant. This is a generic diagram and does not represent a particular type of plant. 

There are three types of tissue that make up all of these plant parts. The dermal cells are the densely-packed outer layer, which varies in thickness in different plants. The cells in this layer may secrete a waxy coating or cuticle that helps reduce the amount of water lost through a plant s exposed surfaces. The ground tissue is the body of the plant. And vascular tissue is made up of the specialized cells that transport water, minerals, food, and hormones throughout the plant Vascular cells are divided into xylem, which transport water and minerals from roots to the upper plant, and phloem, which takes food (sugars) from the leaves to the rest of the plant. These two types of cells are usually arranged in parallel, concentric form, with the phloem on the outside. 

Most of a plant s photosynthesis occurs in the leaves. Energy-producing leaves tend to be large, thin, and arranged so that they can all get some sunlight. Leaves may also be adapted for specialized purposes, such as defense, prevention of water loss, and attraction of pollinators or prey. 

Stems support the plant, usually above the ground, and contain the various specialized tissues that transport nutrients and moisture. Some stem structures are prostrate or below ground, like corms and rhizomes, which store energy (food). Wood is the term used to describe dense, often large stems of some plants. 

The cortex or cork is the layer within the bark between the epidermis and the phloem. This layer protects the plant against disease and parasites, and may contain tannins and other chemicals. 

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The fragility analysis evaluates the conditional fraction of failure of plant structures and equipment as a function of ground motion. The seismically initiated failure of plant components is expressed in terms spectral acceleration at 5.0 Hz which is between the fundamental frequency of the... 

Frost heave may damage foundations of plant structures... 

The methodology deals with two types of problems, namely, the wastewater minimisation problem within a given plant structure and the plant synthesis problem. Each of these is dealt with in the form of two mathematical formulations. The first mathematical formulation deals with the scheduling of an existing operation as to produce near zero effluent. The second mathematical formulation deals with the... 

Two formulations were derived. The first deals with minimising the amount of effluent produced from an operation where wastewater can be reused in product formulation and the plant structure is known. The minimisation is achieved by scheduling the operation in such a manner as to maximise the opportunity for wastewater reuse. The second deals with the synthesis of a batch process operating in zero effluent mode. The formulation determines the number and size of processing and storage vessels as to minimise the cost of the equipment and the amount of effluent produced from the resulting operation, while achieving the required production. 

Fig. 8.3 The basic plant structure receives energy from the sun and carbon from the air. All other elements (15-25) come from the Earth as inorganic minerals or from bacteria (N2 —> NH3), shown as filled circles.

The left-hand side of Fig. 12.4 shows the plant structure by way of resources and their possible connections (resource network) The right-hand side of Fig. 12.4 shows... 

Fig. 12.4 Multipurpose batch chemical plant plant structure and master recipes.

A compilation of structure-function relationships for plant cells is depicted in Table 2 while Table 3 categorizes their locations within plant tissues. A color atlas of plant structure has been published by Bowles (102). The reader is referred to Esau (103), Fahn (105), Fosket (108), Maseuth (106), Moore and Clark (109), Steeves and Sussex (104), and Raven et al. (107) for in-depth discussions of both the morphology and physiology of stems, roots, leaves, and flowers, i. e., plant organs. Certain of these volumes consider the structural differences between monocot and dicot roots and stems. 

Bowles BG. 4 Color Atlas of Plant Structure, Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA, 1996. 

O Brien TP, McCully ME. The Study of Plant Structure Principles and Selected Methods, Termarcarphi, Melbourne, Australia, 1981. 

Carbohydrates are the most abundant organic component of plants. Structurally, carbohydrates are usually polyhydroxy aldehydes or polyhydroxy ketones (or compounds that hydrolyze to yield polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones). Since carbohydrates contain carbonyl groups and hydroxyl groups, they exist primarily as acetals or hemiacetals. 

Antitumor activity of norditerpenpoid dilactones in Podocarpus plants structure-activity relationship on in vitro citotoxicity against Yoshida Sarcoma. Hayashi, Y. Matsumoto, T Tashiro, T. Gann 1979, 70,365-369. 

Plant structural material is the polysaccharide cellulose, which is a linear p (1 —> 4) linked polymer. Some structural polysaccharides incorporate nitrogen into their molecular structure an example is chitin, the material which comprises the hard exoskeletons of insects and crustaceans. Chitin is a cellulose derivative wherein the OH at C-2 is replaced by an acetylated amino group (—NHCOCH3). Microbial polysaccharides, of which the capsular or extracellular (exopolysaccharides) are probably the most important class, show more diversity both in monomer units and the nature of their linkages. 

XEROPHYTE A plant structurally adapted for growth with a limited water supply. 

Decades ago, biochemists recognized that it was difficult to remove all water from a large number of macromolecular materials. The term bound water was coined to explain the great affinity many of these materials showed for water, particularly the proteins. Biochemists were convinced that biological behavior, at least in part, resulted from the amount of bound water contained in the macromolecular structure. As an example, water held in plant structures so that it did not freeze in below-freezing temperatures was considered to be bound. At the time these ideas found favor, the method of lyophilization or quick freeze-drying had not been... 

In addition to the 20 amino acids most frequently found in proteins a large group of amino acids occur in plants, bacteria, and animals that are not found in proteins. Some are found in peptide linkages in compounds that are important as cell wall or capsular structures in bacteria or as antibiotic substances produced by bacteria and fungi. Others are found as free amino acids in seeds and other plant structures. Some amino acids are never found in proteins. These nonprotein amino acids, numbering in the hundreds, include precursors of normal amino acids, such as homoserine and diaminopimelate intermediates in catabolic pathways, such as pipecolic acid d enantiomers of normal amino acids and amino acid analogs, such as azetidine-2-carboxylic acid and canavanine, that might be formed by unique pathways or by modification of normal amino acid biosynthetic pathways. 

In a retrofit batch design, we optimize the batch plant profitability defined as the total production value minus the cost of any new equipment. The objective is to obtain a modified batch plant structure, an operating strategy, the equipment sizes, and the batch processing parameters. Discrete decisions correspond to the selection of new units to add to each stage of the plant and their type of operation. Continuous decisions are represented by the volume of each new unit and the batch processing variables which are allowed to vary within certain bounds. 

Monde K, Satoh H, Nakamura M, Tamura M, Takasugi M (1998) Organochlorine Compounds from a Terrestrial Higher Plant Structures and Origin of Chlorinated Orcinol Derivatives from Diseased Bulbs of Lilium maximowiczii. J Nat Prod 61 913... 

Fig. 4. Possible biosynthetic pathway for salicylic acid in plants. Structural names are given in bold and enzymes in small letters.

FIGURE 8 Lignocellulose compounds of higher plant structural tissues from terrestrial and land-water interface regions form a major source of RDOM within aquatic ecosystems, and a major metabolic coupling between the drainage basin and aquatic ecosystems. Chemical structure indicates a humic macromolecule (P. Hatcher, personal communication). 

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