Vegetable species

Table 5. The ratios of relative concentration of heavy metals in brown rice and the leaves of vegetable species growing in Lung-tang area (affected by acidic rains) and Lung-luan-tang area (non-affected by acidic rains) from 1996 to 1997 in Taiwan (Chen et al., 1998).

Table 5 also reveals that the mean concentration of Pb in brown rice and leaves of 19 vegetable species from acid rain affected areas and non-affected areas are almost the same. On the other hand, the ratio is close to 1. This result indicated that acid rain does not influence the biological accumulation of Pb in brown rice and leaves of vegetables species sampled in Taiwan. Some studies have indicated that concentration of Pb in the crops was only affected when the concentration of Pb in the soils is higher than 500 mg/kg (Kabata-Pendias and Pendias, 1992). Sloan et al. (1997) also indicated that the relative bioavailability of biosolids-applied heavy metals in agricultural soils was Cd Zn >Ni >Cu Cr >Pb, for the soils 15 years after biosolids application. It is quite consistent with the results achieved by research of Chen et al. (1998). Thus, the phyto-availability of heavy metals caused by acid deposition followed the trend Cd >Zn >Cu Pb. 

Over the last two decades there has been a resurgence of interest in the study and use of medicinal plants. The WHO (World Health Organization) has confirmed the importance of traditional medicine to a majority of the. world s population and encourages all countries to preserve and to use the safe and positive elements of traditional medicine in their national health systems. The WHO Traditional Medicine Programme (1) was inspired by the observation that 80% of the world s population treats diseases exclusively with traditional medicines, and most traditional therapies involve the use of plant extracts or their active constituents. Vegetable species from South America and China are of particular interest in view of their wide use in traditional medicine they offer local populations immediately accessible safe and effective therapeutic products. However only a small fraction of South American and Chinese medicinal plants have been studied. Therefore it is of general interest to document the experience of traditional healers, to select interesting medicinal species and to identify the constituents responsible for their therapeutic or toxic effects. 

The nutrient ratios vary insignificantly, i.e., 143-165 for C N, 1246-1383 forCiP, and 8.40-8.80 for N P ratio for the total plant biomass. The content of nutrients in leaf tissues is higher and C N and C P ratios are correspondingly smaller. Thus, we should remember that nutrient ratios increase with time as the vegetation species become increasingly dominated by structural tissues with lower concentration of essential species (Schlezinger, 1991). 

Rice and vegetable species acid rain/non-acid rain affecting area (sampling number) Ratio in acid rain/non-acid rain area ... 

Exposure to soil, geochemical, and ecological processes for 30 years resulted in CR values of 10 3 for native and vegetable species over 99% of the Pu remains associated with the soil. 

Vegetable Tannages. Aqueous extracts of barks, leaves, wood, roots and twigs of a large number of vegetable species have been employed to produce... 

However, the inUoduction of the Polluter Pays principle in civil liability law raises complex questions as for example, how to quantify the values of disappearing vegetal species as a consequence of the pollution of a river, how to quantify restoration costs, who should have a legal right claiming compensation or restoration. 

The first category already covers the unowned environment, for instance vegetal species not belonging to anyone, but the 2 latter classes extend the definition to something not regulated before. Such wide definition will raise difficult questions about what is to be protected, how clean is clean , and to which extent the Convention mechanisms apply. 

NDMA = W-nitrosodimethylamine NDEA = A-nitrosodiethylamine NPYR = W-nitrosopyrrolidine NPIP = A-nitrosopiperidine 16 different vegetable species tested Freshly refined Levels in sausage See Table XXVI-1... 

FLUORESCENCE FINGERPRINTS OF ANIMAL AND VEGETAL SPECIES AND / OR VARIETIES... 

Dollard, G.J., Davies, T.J., 1989. A Study of the Contribution of Airborne Cadmium to the Cadmium Burdens of Several Vegetable Species. United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, Didkot, UK. 

Biocomposites are very fascinating materials since they offer characteristics of two or more different materials, in order to have very specific features that would be practically impossible to obtain by every single material of biocomposite. Chitin is an abundant biopolymer obtained from shrimp, insects and some vegetal species. This material is capable to remove some contaminants like fluoride from water. Nevertheless, in order to improve the mechanical characteristics of chitin, in order to be applied in water treatment in real conditions, it must be supported. Polyurethane is a very versatile polymer due to its chemical structure. During its synthesis, interactions between functional groups take place in order to create the urethane group. The synthesis of biocomposite must bear in mind that interaction between compounds is essential to create a mechanical and chemical resistant material. FTIR with ATR analysis was carried out to characterize a biocomposite based on chitin and polyurethane, demonstrating that interaction between them occurs. 

The term renewable resource , as used in this book, is defined as any animal or vegetable species which is exploited without endangering its survival and which is renewed by biological (short term) instead of geochemical (very long term) activities. 

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