Plant resistance methods

The cited observations suggest that it is possible to identify potato cultivars with low or high phenolic acid content for human use and to select processing conditions that minimize losses of phenolic compounds. In summary, the methods we developed and used to determine the content and distribution of phenolic compounds in potato plant flowers, leaves, and tubers, in the peel and flesh parts of potato tubers, and in freeze-dried and processed commercial potatoes merit application in numerous studies designed to assess the role of potato phenolic compounds in host-plant resistance, plant breeding, plant molecular biology, food chemistry, nutrition, and medicine. The described wide distribution of phenolic compounds in different commercial... 

For practical reasons the plants of organic producers need to stay healthy, so farmers are unlikely to adopt new practices if they observe increased susceptibility to diseases and pests. If the above-listed hypotheses are substantiated, this will provide a guarantee that possible health advantages are retained even when new methods are adopted. There is, however, a risk that the development or adoption of effective methods to prevent diseases and pests, which do not depend on the intrinsic resistance of the plants, could relax this selection and thus lead to less health-protective plant composition. Awareness needs to be raised about monitoring plant resistance to diseases and pests as a key indicator not only of production efficiency but also of possible health benefits (and no harm will have been done if this turns out to be wrong). 

Two main principles of temperature measurement use thermocouples and the so-called resistance thermometer. In chemical plants both methods were applied because they are easy to fit and to maintain.The accuracy of the measurement is influenced by, for example, radiation, which must be taken into account. Thermocouples can be inserted into the pressure system using special sealing techniques, or they may be mounted within a protective tube which is introduced into the pressurized volume. Thermocouple-wires are usually protected with an isulating input in closed-end capillaries with outer diameters of at least 0.5 mm. Thermocouples are technically well tested for pressures up to 6 kbar and temperatures to approx. 800°C. Above these ranges the exact measurement is negatively influenced by several parameters, and the deviations must be taken into account. The accuracy of the temperature measurement devices is normally better than 1 °C. 

Many consumers also wish to be made aware of any genetic modification to the crop. Genetic modification might be beneficial for cocoa butter production as the characteristics of the butter could be modified in the growing bean, and also resistance to pests and diseases might be introduced to the plant. Analytical methods are required to detect such modification, in both the raw materials and the processed product. 

Plant cell culture methods constitute a most exciting part of food biotechnology research and development with many areas for food improvement, involving plant production, plant resistance and functionality, nutritional quality of plant foods and production of natural food ingredients (A9-51). 

Bioratlonal methods of control based on altered insect-plant relationships are being effectively used, if we extend this term to describe application of host plant resistance. Such control methods have been developed empirically but the rational basis for further development will be the outcome of new genetic studies. 

It is also a measure of the moisture stress in plants or soil, measured in megapascals. A more negative value indicates greater moisture stress. Soils with no moisture stress have a water potential of 0 to -1 mPa. Two methods of measuring soil water potential are the heat-dissipation method or the electrical-resistance method. 

After several years of experimentation, the Research Team for Cell Genetics of the Botanical Institute (SZBK) was first in the world to produce mutant plants resistant to herbicides, by methods of tissue cultivation. 

There are two key aspects for a well growing plant. One is external factors including environmental conditions and disease resistance methods the other is the integrated immune system of the plant. The plant immune system consists of two interconnected tiers of receptors, one outside and one inside the cell. Both systems perceive the invaders, then inform the whole plant and sometimes the neighboring plants that the intruder is present by an optional signal. The two systems belong to different classes of plant receptor proteins that detect different types of pathogen molecules. ... 

Here, we will consider several apphcations of laser-analytical methods in the detection and monitoring of plant defence molecules. First, we will outline a laser technique used to study volatile compoiuids such as ethylene. Then, we will focus on new developments of laser-analytical methods for the detection of non-volatile compounds, such as the phytoalexin resveratrol. And finally, as a clear illustration of the applications derived by the use of these laser-based technologies, we will present some methodologies to improve the natural plant resistance by using their own plant defence molecules. 

ASTM G 96, Practice for On-Line Monitoring of Corrosion in Plant Equipment (Electrical and Electrochemical Methods)—This standard outlines procedures for online corrosion monitoring in operating systems. The test methods described in this standard are used to determine the cumulative metal loss (electrical resistance method) or instantaneous corrosion rates (electrochemical method). Reference 15 provides a summary of electrical resistance and polarization resistance theory. 

The importance of corrosion effects in balance of plant (BOP) components in nuclear plants increased dramatically in the 1980s. BOP problems such as MIC, pitting, and underdeposit corrosion had a dramatic effect on plant performance. Methods for monitoring and for selecting materials for resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion exist. Additional standard methods for MIC testing are under development [10]. 

Thus the dependence on synthetic aphicides for the control of M. nicotianae is undesirable, and other insect management methods must be developed. One part of aphid management should be the use of natural plant chemicals which deter host plant acceptance (nonpreference host plant resistance) by the adult aphid, or are toxic to adults and nymphs (6). 

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