Loss minimization

Mechanism Change Loss minimization/ preservation technique... 

Fischwasser, K., Schwarz, R., and Suss, M. (2003) Material loss minimized process technology - When are regeneration and concentration units efficient Chem. Ing. Tech., 75 (6), 781-786. 

Determination of a large number of elements over a wide range of concentrations Limited analyte losses Minimal sample contamination... 

The problem of reactant loss has been addressed in various ways. One approach is the hybrid membrane reactor, which is equivalent to a PFR followed by a PBMR. The PFR brings the reacting mixture to near equilibrium, so that in the porous membrane section the concentration of reactants is reduced and their loss minimized. " Another approach is to use a PBCMR and attempt to convert reactants as they pass through the membrane, besides the conversion taking place on the reactant side. Of course, a dense membrane, such as palladium, for the removal of hydrogen avoids the reactant loss problem. However, early versions of such membranes suffered from low fluxes and poor stability. More recent developments in thin, supported Pd-Ag films may be the answer. 

T3 ical applications of the method regarding onshore power system are power system concept studies, maintenance planning, operation planning, protection strategy planning, power loss minimization and on tine calculation of existing grid reliability. 

To deal with more stringent requirements in terms of energy consumption requires a shift from heat loss minimization toward novel intensified process concepts that intrinsically require less energy. Safety should now be considered as an intrinsic plant property rather than a responsive action, and the plant needs to be flexible to be able to respond quickly to changes in the market. Last but not least, new concepts will be required to provide a basis for sustainable future developments, that is, the use of renewable resources and processes based on green solvents. As a result of this changing focus, a shift toward a multidisciplinary approach can be observed. 

One of the strategies is to minimize the diffusion path of exitons (botmd states between an electron and electron hole) generated by photons hitting the active material in a photovoltaic cell. Once separated, holes and electrons should reach anode and cathode electrodes, respectively. During the process, recombination of holes and electrons lead to energy losses via thermal dissipation. In order to reduce such losses, minimizing the diffusion paths of exitons by means of BCP-derived nanostructures may be beneficial. To this end, a thin solid-state dye-sensitized solar cell (ssDSSC) with a 3D gyroidal titania network was fabricated (see Fig. 12) [37]. In contrast to typical disordered nanoparticle networks, the ordered mesoporous... 

Reducing waste from multiple reactions producing waste byproducts. In addition to the losses described above for single reactions, multiple reaction systems lead to further waste through the formation of waste byproducts in secondary reactions. Let us briefly review from Chap. 2 what can be done to minimize byproduct formation. 

In employing this method, an important precaution to take is to use a tip that has been ground smooth at the end and is free tom any nicks. In the case of liquids that do not wet the tip, r is the inside radius. Volatile liquids are studied in a closed system as described by Harkins and Brown [21] to minimize evaporation losses. 

The locations of the maxima of the -field and the E-field are different depending on the mode chosen for the EPR experuuent. It is desirable to design the cavity in such a way that the B field is perpendicular to the external field B, as required by the nature of the resonance condition. Ideally, the sample is located at a position of maxuuum B, because below saturation the signal-to-noise ratio is proportional to Simultaneously, the sample should be placed at a position where the E-field is a minimum in order to minimize dielectric power losses which have a detrimental effect on the signal-to-noise ratio. 

V (the potential) is identified with the enthalpy, i.e. the number n of base pairings (contacts), and T corresponds to the entropy. At each stage in the folding process, as many as possible new favourable intramolecular interactions are fonned, while minimizing the loss of confonnational freedom (the principle of sequential minimization of entropy loss, SMEL). The entropy loss associated with loop closure is (and the rate of loop closure exp... 

Fernandez A and Cendra H 1996 in vitro RNA folding the principle of sequential minimization of entropy loss at work Biophys. Chem. 58 335-9... 

When the cutoff is sharp, discontinuities in the forces and resultant loss of conservation of energy in molecular dynamics calculations can result. To minimize edge effects of a cutoff, often the cutoff is implemented with a switching or shifting function to allow the interactions to go smoothly to zero. 

Sample Preservation Without preservation, many solid samples are subject to changes in chemical composition due to the loss of volatile material, biodegradation, and chemical reactivity (particularly redox reactions). Samples stored at reduced temperatures are less prone to biodegradation and the loss of volatile material, but fracturing and phase separations may present problems. The loss of volatile material is minimized by ensuring that the sample completely fills its container without leaving a headspace where gases can collect. Samples collected from materials that have not been exposed to O2 are particularly susceptible to oxidation reactions. For example, the contact of air with anaerobic sediments must be prevented. 

The goal of an analytical separation is to remove either the analyte or the interferent from the sample matrix. To achieve a separation there must be at least one significant difference between the chemical or physical properties of the analyte and interferent. Relying on chemical or physical properties, however, presents a fundamental problem—a separation also requires selectivity. A separation that completely removes an interferent may result in the partial loss of analyte. Altering the separation to minimize the loss of analyte, however, may leave behind some of the interferent. 

Solubility losses are minimized by carefully controlling the composition of the solution in which the precipitate forms. This, in turn, requires an understanding of the relevant equilibrium reactions affecting the precipitate s solubility. Eor example, Ag+ can be determined gravimetrically by adding Ch as a precipitant, forming a precipitate of AgCl. 

This is done for the same reason that precipitation is carried out in an ammonical solution using dilute ammonia minimizes solubility losses when rinsing the precipitate. 

Three specific steps are taken to minimize the loss of ammonia (1) the solution is cooled to below room temperature before adding NaOH (2) the digestion flask is quickly connected to the distillation apparatus after adding NaOH and (3) the condenser tip of the distillation apparatus is placed below the surface of the HCI to ensure that the ammonia will react with the HCI before it can be lost through volatilization. 

An important problem with all liquid stationary phases is their tendency to bleed from the column. The temperature limits listed in Table 12.2 are those that minimize the loss of stationary phase. When operated above these limits, a column s useful lifetime is significantly shortened. Capillary columns with bonded or... 

The ion guides are also used as gas collision cells. When ions collide with neutral gas atoms in such a cell, it is important that ion losses due to deflection or collision should be minimized. Ion guides perform this task. 

Proof. Let / G F be a minimizing sequence. It is bounded in H Q). Without loss of generality, we can assume that... 

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