Plagues

Plague, caused by a bacterium called Yersinia pestis, is transmitted from rodent to rodent by infected fleas. 

Plague is characterized by periodic disease outbreaks in rodent populations, some of which have a high death rate. During these outbreaks, hungry infected fleas that have lost their normal hosts seek other sources of blood, thus increasing the increased risk to humans and other animals frequenting the area. 

Epidemics of plague in humans usually involve house rats and their fleas. Rat-borne epidemics continue to occur in some developing countries, particularly in rural areas. The last rat-bome epidemic in the United States occurred in Los Angeles in 1924-25. Since then, all human plague ca.ses in the U.S. have been. sporadic cases acquired from wild rodents or their fleas or from direct contact with plague-infected animals. 

Between outbreaks, the plague bacterium is believed to circulate within populations of certain species of rodents without causing excessive monality. Such groups of infected animals serve as silent, long-term reservoirs of infection. 

In the United States during the 1980s plague cases averaged about 18 per year. Most of the cases occurred in persons under 20 years of age. About 1 in 7 persons with plague died. 

Inhaled or multipy in lymph nodes draining bite site leading to lymph node destruction (bubo), septicemia and toxemia septicemia can cause secondary pneumonic, pharyngitic, and meningitic forms 

Entry Flea bites or directly by bites of rats, other 

Populations Crowded living conditions, cold temperatures, 

Lymph nodes, regional - break down (suppurate) [b] Lymph nodes, regional - enlarged [2] [b] 

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Many problems have plagued steam generators of nuclear power plants over the last decades. Therefore, Laborelec developed its own inspection equipment and services. These were extended to other components of nuclear plants like thimbles, guide cards and baffle bolts and to classical parts of power stations like turbines, alternators, heat exchangers and piping. 

Many-body problems wnth RT potentials are notoriously difficult. It is well known that the Coulomb potential falls off so slowly with distance that mathematical difficulties can arise. The 4-k dependence of the integration volume element, combined with the RT dependence of the potential, produce ill-defined interaction integrals unless attractive and repulsive mteractions are properly combined. The classical or quantum treatment of ionic melts [17], many-body gravitational dynamics [18] and Madelung sums [19] for ionic crystals are all plagued by such difficulties. 

There are also ways to perform relativistic calculations explicitly. Many of these methods are plagued by numerical inconsistencies, which make them applicable only to a select set of chemical systems. At the expense of time-consuming numerical integrations, it is possible to do four component calculations. These calculations take about 100 times as much CPU time as nonrelativistic Hartree-Fock calculations. Such calculations are fairly rare in the literature. 

Although Eq. (10.50) is still plagued by remnants of the Taylor series expansion about the equilibrium point in the form of the factor (dn/dc2)o, we are now in a position to evaluate the latter quantity explicitly. Equation (8.87) gives an expression for the equilibrium osmotic pressure as a function of concentration n = RT(c2/M + Bc2 + ) Therefore... 

The success of the process results from the fact that nowhere inside the furnace is heat extracted from the copper-saturated blast furnace buUion through a soUd surface. The problem of accretion formation (metal buUd-up), which has plagued many other attempts to estabUsh a copper dtossing operation of this type, does not arise. In the cooling launder, lead-rich matte and slag accumulate on the water-cooled plates, but these ate designed so that when they ate lifted from the buUion stream, the dross cracks off and is swept into the furnace via the cooled lead pot. 

Devastation caused by pests has troubled both ancient and modem humans often changing the course of history. The bubonic plague in Europe and the great potato famine in Ireland were both caused by pests. In 1884, grasshoppers caused such a food shortage in the midwestem United States that a national disaster was declared. 

Vector Control and Plagues rodents, mosquitoes, tsetse flies, grasshoppers, locusts... 

Standards used to constmct a cahbration curve must be prepared such that the matrix of the standard is identical to the sample s matrix because the values of the parameters k and b associated with a linear cahbration curve are matrix dependent. Many areas of chemical analysis are plagued by matrix effects, and it is often difficult to duphcate the sample matrix when preparing external standards. Because it is desirable to eliminate matrix effects, cahbration in the sample matrix itself can be performed. This approach is called the standard addition method (SAM) (14). In this method, the standards are added to the sample matrix and the response of the analyte plus the standard is monitored as a function of the added amount of the standard. The initial response is assumed to be Rq, and the relationship between the response and the concentration of the analyte is... 

Sulfur has long been known for its properties as a pesticide and a curative agent. Homer spoke of the pest-averting sulfur as far back as 800—1000 BC, Hippocrates (400 Bc) considered sulfur sa an antidote against plague, and Dioscorides (100 ad) used sulfur ointment in dermatology (244). In 1803, the use of a lime—sulfur protective treatment for fmit trees was reported, and in 1850 sulfur dust was used to protect foHage (245). In 1891 sulfur dust was used on soil to control onion smut (246). 

The condenser was plagued by rapid attack on waterside surfaces. The entire internal surface was fouled with silt and other deposits, beneath which a cuprous oxide layer was present (Fig. 4.23). Localized areas of metal loss were present beneath mounds of corrosion product. Some of these localized areas were deep enough to threaten tube integrity. 

The section was perforated in several locations due to severe, localized wastage on internal surfaces (Fig. 6.23A and B). The cooling water had a history of low-pH excursions, with documented depressions to a pH below 5. The system also had been plagued with high sulfate-reducing bacteria counts. 

The condenser was mechanically cleaned every 6 months. Heavy deposition due to silt, sand, and mud plagued this system. 

Fig. 1.3. Clare Bridge, built in 1640, is Cambridge s oldest surviving bridge it is reputed to have been an escape-raute from the college in times of plague.

Pump operators and pumping systems are plagued by unexpected premature bearing failures. Even if the cost of the bearing is small, the... 

Because many kinds of features have steep sides, tip imaging is a common plague of SFM imj es. One consolation is that the height of the feature will be reproduced accurately as long as the tip touches bottom between features. Thus the roughness statistics remain fairly accurate. The lateral dimensions, on the other hand, can provide the user with only an upper bound. 

The MS closure results from s = 2. The HNC closure results from s = 1. In the latter two expressions, additional adjustable parameters occur, namely ( for the RY closure and for the BPGG version of the MS approximation. However, even when adjustable, these parameters cannot be chosen at will, as they should be chosen such that they eliminate the so-called thermodynamic inconsistency that plagues many approximate integral equations. We recall that a manifestation of this inconsistency is that there is a difference between the pressure as computed from the virial equation (10) and as computed from the compressibility equation (20). Note that these equations have been applied to a very asymmetric mixture of hard spheres [53,54]. Some results of the MS closure are plotted in Fig. 4. The MS result for y d) = g d) is about the same as the MV result. However, the MS result for y(0) is rather poor. Using a value between 1 and 2 improves y(0) but makes y d) worse. Overall, we believe the MS/BPGG is less satisfactory than the MV closure. 

With soft gels, column packing has often been plagued with such problems as inferior reproducibility and excessive time requirements. These problems are alleviated with physically stable Toyopearl HW media. However, an improperly packed column can have significantly reduced efficiency. The two key variables for the successful packing of Toyopearl HW media, packing velocity and column size, have been evaluated to determine the optimal packing conditions. 

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