Pipelines pipe diameter

Without taking into consideration the soil surface, the current density 7(r) at a distance r from the pipe axis for a pipeline (pipe diameter, d) with a protection current density J expressed in the terminology of Fig. 24-4 and corresponding to Eq. (24-4), is given by ... 

Ore Site of pipeline, or name of pipeline Pipe diameter inch Solids r. , , transported, Pipeline length ° million short Mile km tons/yr Start-up date... 

Practical applications [2] of a GammaMat M model using the new Selenium crawler camera loaded with approx. 1 TBq (30Ci) on a pipeline of diameter 12 and wall thickness of 0.25 showed 6-7 m axial distance to the exposed source as limit of the radiation controlled area (40pSv/h) and 22m perpendicular to the pipeline. Other authors [3] have reported about a comparison for Ir-192 and Selenium source on a 4.5 diameter pipe and 0,125 steel thickness they have found for 0.7 Tbq (18Ci) Selenium a value of 1 Om behind the film (in the unshielded beam) comparing under same conditions to approx. 40m for Iridium. 

When constmction is complete, the pipeline must be tested for leaks and strength before being put into service industry code specifies the test procedures. Water is the test fluid of choice for natural gas pipelines, and hydrostatic testing is often carried out beyond the yield strength in order to reHeve secondary stresses added during constmction or to ensure that all defects are found. Industry code limits on the hoop stress control the test pressures, which are also limited by location classification based on population. Hoop stress is calculated from the formula, S = PD/2t, where S is the hoop stress in kPa (psig) P is the internal pressure in kPa (psig), and D and T are the outside pipe diameter and nominal wall thickness, respectively, in mm (in.). 

For efficient current distribution, steel-reinforced concrete walls should be provided at the wall entrance of pipes and at least 1 m around them and up to the soil surface with at least 2 mm thick electrically insulating layers of plastic or bitumen. This is also recommended if the pipelines are laid in soil parallel to steel-reinforced concrete foundations and the closest spacing is smaller than twice the pipe diameter or smaller than 0.5 m [2]. 

The value of C3 is 0.011454 in USCS units and 20.178 x 10 in SI units. The inputs for the calculation are Q (bbl/hr or mVhr) and pipeline length (miles or km), viscosity U (Centistokes), pipe diameter D (inches or meters), effective pipe roughness e, and pipeline lengths (miles or km). The Fanning friction factor is... 

Sand of particle size 1.25 mm and density 2600 kg/m3 is to be transported in air at the rate of I kg/s through it horizontal pipe 200 m long. Estimate the pipe diameter, the pressure drop in the pipeline and the air flow required. 

Suppose tank 1 represents a body of tidal water with tidal fluctuations and tank 2 is a tide meter used to measure the tide. The connection is made by 100 m of pipeline and tank 2 is 1 m in diameter. Assume that the tide varies in a sine wave fashion with an amplitude of 2 m with a wave length of 12 h. Change the program to investigate the minimum pipe diameter required to ensure less than a 1 cm difference between the actual tide level and the level in the tide meter. 

A tanker carrying toluene is unloaded, using the ship s pumps, to an on-shore storage tank. The pipeline is 225 mm internal diameter and 900 m long. Miscellaneous losses due to fittings, valves, etc., amount to 600 equivalent pipe diameters. The maximum liquid level in the storage tank is 30 m above the lowest level in the ship s tanks. The ship s... 

A process liquid is pumped from a storage tank to a distillation column, using a centrifugal pump. The pipeline is 80 mm internal diameter commercial steel pipe, 100 m long. Miscellaneous losses are equivalent to 600 pipe diameters. The storage tank operates at atmospheric pressure and the column at 1.7 bara. The lowest liquid level in the tank will be 1.5 m above the pump inlet, and the feed point to the column is 3 m above the pump inlet. 

Toluene is to be pumped between two vessels using a centrifugal pump with a flowrate of 30t h 1. The pipe diameter is 80 mm (internal diameter 77.93 mm). The pipeline is 35 m long, with 4 isolation valves (plug cock), a check valve and 5 bends. The discharge tank is 3 m in elevation above the feed tank. The density of toluene is 778 kgrn 3 and viscosity of 0.251 x 10 3 N-s-rn 2. 

In the formulation of Bickel et al. (B7) which appears to be the most general formulation on this problem to date, both the feed and delivery conditions (temperature, pressure, flow rate, and composition) are specified. As before, the decision variables include the pipe diameters. But in addition, the number, placement, suction, and delivery pressures of compressors may also be varied within the constraints of overall pipeline lengths and network... 

There are seven unknowns but only three equations that relate these quantities. Therefore, four of the unknowns can be chosen arbitrarily. This process is not really arbitrary, however, because we are constrained by certain practical considerations such as a lab model that must be smaller than the field pipeline, and test materials that are convenient, inexpensive, and readily available. For example, the diameter of the pipe to be used in the model could, in principle, be chosen arbitrarily. However, it is related to the field pipe diameter by Eq. (2-11) ... 

Example 7-1 Economic Pipe Diameter. What is the most economical diameter for a pipeline that is required to transport crude oil with a viscosity of 30 cP and an SG of 0.95, at a rate of 1 million barrels per day using ANSI 1500 pipe, if the cost of energy is 50 per kWh (in 1980 ) Assume that the economical life of the pipeline is 40 years and that the pumps are 50% efficient. 

Diameter of conveying pipeline or particle to pipe diameter ratio. 

The variables. Each pipeline segment has associated with it five variables (1) the flow rate Q (2) the inlet pressure pd (discharge pressure from the upstream compressor) (3) the outlet pressure ps (suction pressure of the downstream compressor), (4) the pipe diameter D, and (5) the pipeline segment length L. Inasmuch as the mass flow rate is fixed, and each compressor is assumed to have gas consumed for operation of one-half of one percent of the gas transmitted, only the last four variables need to be determined for each segment. 

Pipeline segment Discharge pressure (psi) Suction pressure (psi) Pipe diameter (in.) Length (mile) Flow rate (MMCFD)... 

Since large volumes are needed to economically justify North Sea systems, pipe diameters will be large, probably 30"-36", or bigger if the pipe can be physically laid. Vail thickness will be the heaviest that can be laid, which for 36" pipe may currently be 1" wall thickness. Compressor station spacing and compression ratio will be different from onshore systems due to the high coat of providing a separate pipeline compressor platform, and because the pipeline systems will In most cases have to pick up gas from various fieldsalong the route located at fixed points, and these points will tend to dictate the location of pipeline compressor stations. 

Coal slurry pipelines have been constructed in severaJ countries, including a 38-mile (61-kilometer) 12-inch (30.4-centimeter) diameter pipeline m Russia, a 51 -mile (82-kilometer) pipeline in Poland, as well as Olliers in Prance and other locations in Europe. The feasibility of slurry transportation depends upon Ihc resolution of a number of variables, rhe most important of which from a hydraulic standpoint are (I) Size consist (2) velocity and (3) concemrauon. The selection of a proper size eonsisi (gradation) is important in order that homogeneous flow can he achieved at prudent operating velocities. For coal slurry, such a consist is on the order of 8 mesh by 0 (approximately 0.1-inch (2.5-millimeter) particle size to dust) Homogeneous flow (solids evenly distributed across the pipe diameter) is important if excessive wear in the bottom of the pipe is to be avoided and stable operation achieved. 

Underground pipelines with maximum 48 inch pipe diameter is in the range 24 underwater pipelines the pressure is higher or equal to 115 bar. 

Capsule pipeline transport of coal, so called coal-log pipeline transport seems to be very close to commercial exploitation in the USA, [22,23], Coal is formed into cylindrical bodies (by using the high pressure without or with addition of some glue), which are conveyed by water in a pipe. Diameter of the body dc is about 90 % of the transport pipe diameter D, length of the body Lc is about two times of body diameters dc. The concentration of solids can reach a very high value (up to 80 %) and process of separation of coal and water is very easy and without additional expenses. 

It follows from economical comparison that coal-log pipeline is cheaper than truck transport for distances longer than 65 km and pipe diameter D = 200 mm. For D = 500 m even for distance over 25 km. Compared with railway, the transport cost is on the level of unit trains. For large quantity of coal it could be even less. Another advantage is given by fact that length of pipeline is usually at least about 30 % lower than that of the railway. From environmental protection point of view, capsule pipeline, similarly as slurry pipeline, is dust free and noiseless. In spite of these advantages the utilisation of coal-log pipeline system could expect only for transport of coal from new mines to power stations, especially in mountains areas without railways and highways or in heavy populated and industrial areas, where railway is overloaded. 

Economic Pipe Diameter, Laminar Flow Pipelines for the transport of high-viscosity liquids are seldom designed purely on the basis of economics. More often, the size is dictated by operability considerations such as available pressure drop, shear rate, or residence time distribution. Peters and Timmerhaus (ibid., Chap. 10) provide an economic pipe diameter chart for laminar flow. For non-Newtonian fluids, see Skelland (Non-Newtonian Flow and Heat Transfer Chap. 7, Wiley, New York, 1967). 

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