Phenols thiocyanation

The sulfenyl chloride groups in these metal acetylacetonates are quite reactive, which is in contrast to most of the other 3-substituents in metal acetylacetonates. The 3-sulfenyl chloride group reacted with amines, phenols, thiocyanates, olefins, and triethyl phosphite. In most of these cases the reaction products were not separated and characterized (US). 

In an analogous manner, DCPD reacts with alcohols and phenols to form ether derivatives, and with halogen acids, thiocyanic acid, and various carboxyhc acids to form esters. These esters are used as perfume components (67). Dicyclopentadiene alcohol and a number of the ethers, esters, and glycol adducts have been claimed as coal and ore flotation aids (68). 

Recently nitrosamines have attracted attention because of their marked carcinogenic activity in a wide variety of animal species Q, ). Nitrosamines are likely to be carcinogens in man as well human exposure to these compounds is by ingestion, inhalation, dermal contact and vivo formation from nitrite and amines Nitrite and amines react most rapidly at an acidic pH A variety of factors, however, make nitrosation a potentially important reaction above pH 7 these include the presence of microorganisms, and the possibilities of catalysis by thiocyanate, metals and phenols, and of transnitrosation by other nitroso compounds. 

Cyanide and thiocyanate anions in aqueous solution can be determined as cyanogen bromide after reaction with bromine [686]. The thiocyanate anion can be quantitatively determined in the presence of cyanide by adding an excess of formaldehyde solution to the sample, which converts the cyanide ion to the unreactive cyanohydrin. The detection limits for the cyanide and thiocyanate anions were less than 0.01 ppm with an electron-capture detector. Iodine in acid solution reacts with acetone to form monoiodoacetone, which can be detected at high sensitivity with an electron-capture detector [687]. The reaction is specific for iodine, iodide being determined after oxidation with iodate. The nitrate anion can be determined in aqueous solution after conversion to nitrobenzene by reaction with benzene in the presence of sulfuric acid [688,689]. The detection limit for the nitrate anion was less than 0.1 ppm. The nitrite anion can be determined after oxidation to nitrate with potassium permanganate. Nitrite can be determined directly by alkylation with an alkaline solution of pentafluorobenzyl bromide [690]. The yield of derivative was about 80t.with a detection limit of 0.46 ng in 0.1 ml of aqueous sample. Pentafluorobenzyl p-toluenesulfonate has been used to derivatize carboxylate and phenolate anions and to simultaneously derivatize bromide, iodide, cyanide, thiocyanate, nitrite, nitrate and sulfide in a two-phase system using tetrapentylammonium cWoride as a phase transfer catalyst [691]. Detection limits wer Hi the ppm range. 

Crompton [21] has reviewed the use of electrochemical methods in the determination of phenolic and amine antioxidants, organic peroxides, organotin heat stabilisers, metallic stearates and some inorganic anions (such as bromide, iodide and thiocyanate) in the 1950s/1960s (Table 8.75). The electrochemical detector is generally operated in tandem with a universal, nonselective detector, so that a more general sample analysis can be obtained than is possible with the electrochemical detector alone. 

About 100 gal of process wastewater is typically generated from 1 t of coke produced.15 These wastewaters from byproduct coke making contain high levels of oil and grease, ammonia nitrogen, sulfides, cyanides, thiocyanates, phenols, benzenes, toluene, xylene, other aromatic volatile components, and polynuclear aromatic compounds. They may also contain toxic metals such as antimony, arsenic, selenium, and zinc. Water-to-air transfer of pollutants may take place due to the escape of volatile pollutants from open equalization and storage tanks and other wastewater treatment systems in the plant. 

After 2 h incubation of the prepared antibody beads with UV-crosslinked extract in a cold room, the beads are washed 4 x with 100 /A RIPA buffer (50 mMTris-HCl pH 7.5, 150 rnMNaCl, 1% NP-40, 0.5% sodium deoxycholate, and 0.1% SDS) and lx with genomic DNA lysis buffer (50 mM Tris, pH 7.4, 10 mM EDTA, 500 mM NaCl, 2.5 mM DTT, 0.5 mM spermidine, 1% Triton X-100). Approximately 300 /(I of PK solution (1 mg/ml proteinase K in genomic DNA lysis buffer and 0.2 U//A RNase inhibitor) is added to the total lysate previously kept on ice and the beads are then incubated at 37° for 30 min. Gently flick the tubes to resuspend the beads every 10 min during the incubation. After removal of the proteinase K solution, 300 /A of RNA extraction solution (4 M guanidine thiocyanate, 0.5% sarkosyl, and 25 mM sodium citrate, pH7) is added to the beads, incubated for 10 min and the supernatant is mixed with 30 fig yeast tRNA (as a carrier) and 30 fil of 3 M sodium acetate. The RNA solution is phenol-chloroform extracted, ethanol-precipitated, and the pellet washed once with 70% ethanol. The dry pellet is used for 1st strand cDNA synthesis, followed by PCR analysis. The removal of proteins... 

Other major reagents TRIzol LS reagent (Invitrogen Co., Carlsbad, CA), a commonly used commercial reagent for RNA extraction from cell/tissuc sample that contains phenol and guanidine thiocyanate 0.1 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution is used for DNA extraction. 

Shivaraman N, Kumaran P, Pandey RA, et al. 1985. Microbial degradation of thiocyanate, phenol and cyanide in a completely mixed aeration system. Environ Pollut, Ser A 39 141-150. 

The addition of morpholine to 2,3-dihydrofuran in the presence of palladium(II) thiocyanate-bis(triphenylphosphine) yields 2-(morpholin-4-yl)tetrahydrofuran (276)303. Irradiation of mixtures of 2-(2-methylpropenyl)phenol (277) and alkylamines yields adducts, e.g. 278 with isopropylamine304. 

Thiocarbonates, synthesis of, 17, 3 Thiocyanation of aromatic amines, phenols, and polynuclear hydrocarbons, 3, 6 Thiophenes, synthesis of, 6, 9 Thorpe-Ziegler condensation, 15, 1 31 Tiemann reaction, 3, 9 Tiffeneau-Demjanov reaction, 11, 2 Tin(n) enolates, 46, 1 Tin hydride method to prepare radicals,... 

The model polypeptide acetyltetraglycine ethyl ester (ATGEE) behaves in this manner. Citrates, sulfates, phosphates, acetates, and chlorides salt out ATGEE whereas phenol, perchlorates, tosylates, trichloroacetates, thiocyanates, iodides, and bromides salt in (8). The heat denaturation of ribonuclease also fits this cTass. 

The reactions of thiocyanogen may roughly be divided into two types (1) Reactions in which the radical combines directly with metals to form the corresponding thiocyanates, and with cuprous thiocyanate to form the cupric salt. (2) Reactions in which a substitution is effected for example, with aniline, dimethylaniline and phenol, the corresponding jj-thiocyano-derivatives and thiocyanie acid are formed.1... 

DEPC-treated water should be used for all RNA preparation solutions, gloves should be worn at all times, and RNase-free tips and tubes used. It is not necessary to purify mRNA, since total RNA prepared from freshly isolated or even frozen (liquid nitrogen or-80°C) lymphocytes is pure enough to carry out the RT-PCR reactions. A number of commercial kits are now available for RNA isolation (e.g., Stratagene), and use of one of these is recommended. Alternatively the single-step guanidimum thiocyanate/phenol extraction method of Chomczynski and Sacchi (23), on which most kit protocols are based, should be employed. If the lymphocyte numbers are low (<5 x 106), carrier RNA (100 pg of 16S ribosomal RNA) can be added at the start of this procedure to aid recovery. The preparation ends with a precipitation step using isopropanol, and the RNA may stored at -20°C in this form until required. 

Chomczynski, P and Sacchi, N (1987) Single-step method of RNA isolation by acid guanidimum thiocyanate phenol chloroform extraction Anal Biochem 162, 156-159... 

Amatol is made up in various proportions of ammonium nitrate to trinitrotoluene, such as 50/50, 60/40, and 80/20. The granulated, dried, and sifted ammonium nitrate, warmed to about 90°, is added to melted trinitrotoluene at about 90°, and the warm mixture, if 50/50 or 60/40, is ladled into the shells which have been previously warmed somewhat in order that solidification may not be too rapid, or, if 80/20, is stemmed or extruded into the shells by means of a screw operating within a steel tube. Synthetic ammonium nitrate is preferred for the preparation of amatol. The pyridine which is generally present in gas liquor and tar liquor ammonia remains in the ammonium nitrate which is made from these liquors and causes frothing and the formation of bubbles in the warm amatol—with the consequent probability of cavitation in the charge. Thiocyanates which are often present in ammonia from the same sources likewise cause frothing, and phenols if present tend to promote exudation. 

The 2-chloro substituent may be exchanged for various nucleophiles. The 2-alkoxy derivatives were formed with alkali metal alkoxides,98,1 12,255,273 the 2-amino derivatives were formed with ammonia and amines,79,98,255, 260.283,285,286 t]ie 2-hydrazino derivatives were formed with hydrazine,98,255,283,287 and the 2-thiocyanatb derivatives were formed with alkali metal thiocyanates.283 2,3-Dichloro-4-oxo-4//-pyrido[l,2-fl]pyrimi-dine in phenol reacts with gaseous ammonia to yield a mixture of the 2-phenoxy and 2-amino derivatives, whereas with sodium hydroxide, the 2-phenoxy compound is obtained.255... 

H. Stamm also measured the solubilities of the salts of the alkalies in liquid ammonia —potassium hydroxide, nitrate, sulphate, chromate, oxalate, perchlorate, persulphate, chloride, bromide, iodide, carbonate, and chlorate rubidium chloride, bromide, and sulphate esesium chloride, iodide, carbonate, and sulphate lithium chloride and sulphate sodium phosphate, phosphite, hypophosphite, fluoride, chloride, iodide, bromate, perchlorate, periodate, hyponitrire, nitrite, nitrate, azide, dithionate, chromate, carbonate, oxalate, benzoate, phtnalate, isophthalate ammonium, chloride, chlorate, bromide, iodide, perchlorate, sulphate, sulphite, chromate, molybdate, nitrate, dithionate, thiosulphate, persulphate, thiocyanate, phosphate, phosphite, hypophosphite, arsenate, arsenite, amidosulphonate, ferrocyanide, carbonate, benzoate, methionate, phenylacetate, picrate, salicylate, phenylpropionate, benzoldisulphonate, benzolsulphonate, phthalate, trimesmate, mellitate, aliphatic dicarboxylates, tartrate, fumarate, and maleinate and phenol. 

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