Pharmaceuticals source

Robert E. O Connor, Ph.D. Pharmaceutical Sourcing Group Americas, a division of Ortho-McNeil Pharmaceutical, Bridgewater, New Jersey... 

Figure 23.1 U.S. shipments of pharmaceuticals. Source Annual Survey oj Manufactures)...

Enzyme Characteristics Pharmaceutical Source Mechanisms of Action... 

Fig. 1.6 Concentration level of the chemical industry - top ten worldwide market share, 1998 1997 data 1999 data Without pharmaceuticals Source McKinsey analysis...

As nutraceuticals are not classified as medicinal products, their manufacture is often not legally regulated. Nutraceuticals are widely available for sale, and the many suppliers may formulate their products differently this leads to variations between products of different manufacturers. Products available for purchase are not necessarily of the same quality as those used in reported clinical trials. For effective and safe use, the products must contain the same active ingredient, at the same concentration, have known bioavailability per delivery system, and state detailed and correct information on packaging or patient leaflet. However, possibly due to purchase from non-pharmaceutical sources such as the Internet, there is often little information on efficacy, drug interactions, effect of long-term use, abrupt discontinuation, or potential adverse effects available to patients. 

FIGURE 3 Schematic representation of the different types of solid forms of pharmaceuticals. Source From Ref. 6. 

Toxicity would be expected from ingestion of pharmaceutical sources. Methylxanthines are not commonly used in animals. Limited information on toxicity exists. Tachyarrhythmias, hypotension, and seizures have been seen. 

Although the breadth of CAM therapies range from traditional systems developed in other cultures (e.g., traditional Chinese medicine [TCM]) to recently developed practices loosely based on science (e.g., functional medicine), most tend to share certain underlying perspectives.Such philosophies include belief in the interconnectedness of mind and body, preference for innate rather than artificial (e.g., pharmaceutical) sources of healing, and recognition of an ultimate meaning underlying each individual s illness.Consequently, many... 

Note Chemicals excluding pharmaceuticals, Source CEFIC, 2013. 

Mandelate 152.1 Ethylbenzene, styrene Urine 0.005g - 2g - other (dietary, pharmaceuticals) sources of benzyl alcohol/benzoate hence hippurate Phenylglyoxylic acid also urinary metabolite... 

Dogs. Apomorphine is given by intravenous or intramuscular routes (0.04 mg/kg) by subcuteneous injection (0.08 mg/kg) or by subcxxijunctival instillation (0.25 mg total dissolved in saline) if the can vomit effectively. (It is not readily available through veterinary pharmaceutical sources.)... 

Let s use a simple example to develop the rationale behind a one-way ANOVA calculation. The data in Table 14.7 show the results obtained by several analysts in determining the purity of a single pharmaceutical preparation of sulfanilamide. Each column in this table lists the results obtained by an individual analyst. For convenience, entries in the table are represented by the symbol where i identifies the analyst and j indicates the replicate number thus 3 5 is the fifth replicate for the third analyst (and is equal to 94.24%). The variability in the results shown in Table 14.7 arises from two sources indeterminate errors associated with the analytical procedure that are experienced equally by all analysts, and systematic or determinate errors introduced by the analysts. 

Eastman Goal Chemicals. In 1983 Eastman Chemical Co. became the first chemical producer in the United States to return to coal as a raw material for large-scale manufacture of industrial chemicals (35). In that year, Eastman started manufacturing acetic anhydride from coal. Acetic anhydride is a key intermediate for production of coatings, ceUulosic plastics, and cellulose acetate fibers. Acetic anhydride from other sources also is used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, starches and sweeteners, and flavors and fragrances. 

Dietary fibers are used in several food categories, including breakfast cereals, pasta, snack foods, and baked goods, as well as some pharmaceutical categories such as enteral nutritionals, bulk laxatives, and diet beverage mixes (31). The common dietary fiber additives and their sources are given (32). 

As the most reactive and economical source of the acetoacetyl moiety, diketene is used as a valuable synthetic intermediate in the manufacture of acetoacetic acid derivatives and heterocycHc compounds which are used as intermediates in the manufacture of dyestuffs, agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, and polymers. 

Applications. These materials are stiU in developmental infancy. Current production is limited to one commercial process in Europe and a demonstration-scale process in North America. The lignins produced in these processes have potential appHcation in wood adhesives, as flame retardants (qv), as slow-release agents for agricultural and pharmaceutical products, as surfactants (qv), as antioxidants (qv), as asphalt extenders, and as a raw material source for lignin-derived chemicals. 

By-Products From Milk. Milk is a source for numerous by-products resulting from the separation or alteration of the components. These components may be used in other so-called nondairy manufactured foods, dietary foods, pharmaceuticals (qv), and as a feedstock for numerous industries, such as casein for glue. 

Naphthalene derivatives are of diverse importance as intermediates for agricultural, constmction, pharmaceutical, photographic, mbber, tanning, and textile chemicals. In this article production figures, economics, and processes are discussed for most commercially important compounds. Sources for a more comprehensive study of naphthalene derivatives are available (1 8). 

A considerable quantity of oil can be extracted from waste material from shelling and processing plants, eg, the inedible kernels rejected during shelling and fragments of kernels recovered from shells. About 300 t of pecan oil and 300—600 t of English walnut oil are produced aimuaHy from such sources. The oil is refined and used for edible purposes or for the production of soap the cake is used in animal feeds (see Feeds and feed additives). Fmit-pit oils, which closely resemble and are often substituted for almond oil, are produced on a large scale for cosmetic and pharmaceutical purposes (143). For instance, leaves, bark, and pericarp of walnut may be used to manufacture vitamin C, medicines, dyes and tannin materials (144). 

One appHcation patented ia 1989 is the injection of sodium alumiaate into silica-containing formations for enhanced petroleum recovery (39). Additionally, the pharmaceutical industry uses sodium alumiaate as an alkaline source of aluminum for the production of certain antacids (40). 

Part 439 pharmaceutical manufacturing point source category... 

Menthol Manufacture. Of the menthol isomers, only (-)-menthol [2216-51 -5] and (+)-menthol [15356-70-4] are of commercial importance. The most important natural sources of (—)-menthol are the oUs of Mentha arvensis (75—90%) and Mentha piperita (50—65%). The main suppUers ate Japan, China, BrazU, and Taiwan for the former and the United States, CIS, Bulgaria, and Italy for the latter. (—)-Menthol is known for its refreshing, diffusive odor characteristic of peppermint. It also is known for its strong physiological cooling effect, which is useful in cigarettes, dentifrices, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. 

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