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Pharmaceuticals natural sources

Covitol. [Henkel] Tocopherol and derivs. antioxidant for pharmaceuticals natural source of vitamin E. [Pg.86]

Menthol Manufacture. Of the menthol isomers, only (-)-menthol [2216-51 -5] and (+)-menthol [15356-70-4] are of commercial importance. The most important natural sources of (—)-menthol are the oUs of Mentha arvensis (75—90%) and Mentha piperita (50—65%). The main suppUers ate Japan, China, BrazU, and Taiwan for the former and the United States, CIS, Bulgaria, and Italy for the latter. (—)-Menthol is known for its refreshing, diffusive odor characteristic of peppermint. It also is known for its strong physiological cooling effect, which is useful in cigarettes, dentifrices, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. [Pg.422]

Amino acid separations represent another specific application of the technology. Amino acids are important synthesis precursors - in particular for pharmaceuticals -such as, for example, D-phenylglycine or D-parahydroxyphenylglycine in the preparation of semisynthetic penicillins. They are also used for other chiral fine chemicals and for incorporation into modified biologically active peptides. Since the unnatural amino acids cannot be obtained by fermentation or from natural sources, they must be prepared by conventional synthesis followed by racemate resolution, by asymmetric synthesis, or by biotransformation of chiral or prochiral precursors. Thus, amino acids represent an important class of compounds that can benefit from more efficient separations technology. [Pg.217]

Solvents from pharmaceutical compounds and drugs from natural sources Extraction of volatile substances from substrates Drying and aerogel formation... [Pg.14]

Figure 11.2 Challenges facing the pharmaceutical companies. (Source Adapted from Belsey, MJ. Drug developer strategies to boost competitiveness, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 6 265-266 (2007).)... Figure 11.2 Challenges facing the pharmaceutical companies. (Source Adapted from Belsey, MJ. Drug developer strategies to boost competitiveness, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 6 265-266 (2007).)...
Soda niter or sodium nitrate (NaNO ) is the most abundant of the nitrate minerals. It is used for fertilizer, explosives, and preservatives. The natural deposits are located in northern Chile, which was the original source for many years. More recently, nitrogen fixation, which extracts nitrogen from air, has been used for producing sodium nitrate. This synthetic process has greatly increased the availability of this useful sodium salt by ehminating the need for the natural source. It is used to preserve and cure meats and is used in photography, in pharmaceuticals, and as a color fixative in fabrics. [Pg.52]

The modern pharmaceutical industry began in Europe when researchers developed methods to isolate and determine the structure of complex chemicals from natural sources, and to build these compounds from inexpensive and readily available starting materials. Soon, industrial chemists were isolating many useful chemicals from coal tar, a by-product of the industrial use of coal for fuel, and developing methods to make many new products, including textile dyes, from scratch. [Pg.23]

Polymers derived from natural sources such as proteins, DNA, and polyhy-droxyalkanoates are optically pure, making the biocatalysts responsible for their synthesis highly appealing for the preparation of chiral synthetic polymers. In recent years, enzymes have been explored successfully as catalysts for the preparation of polymers from natural or synthetic monomers. Moreover, the extraordinary enantioselectivity of lipases is exploited on an industrial scale for kinetic resolutions of secondary alcohols and amines, affording chiral intermediates for the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industry. It is therefore not surprising that more recent research has focused on the use of lipases for synthesis of chiral polymers from racemic monomers. [Pg.95]

The story of the discovery of taxol illustrates one of the major problems in seeking pharmaceutical agents among the himdreds of thousrmds of NPs made by plants. An effective, valuable chemical might be formd but a practical, economic source of the chemical might not be. Indeed, a natural source of a very important drug could be very bad news for threatened habitats. How that problem might be resolved is discussed later. [Pg.162]

Because of the ability of bacteria to develop resistance to penicillin, pharmaceutical companies must continually develop different penicillin compounds for continued use as an antibiotic. Different forms are also used depending on the type of infection, delivery method, and individual. The form discovered by Fleming and used by Florey was benzylpenicillin or Penicillin G. Today there are numerous compounds that are classified as penicillins that are marketed under various trade names. Early penicillins were biosynthetic compounds obtained from molds. Modern penicillins are semisynthetic in which penicillin obtained from natural sources is further synthesized to impart specific properties to the compound. [Pg.212]

On the basis of the presented reports, squalene and squalane are two naturally derived compounds with bright future in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical area. Squalene, which can be obtained by natural sources, exists readily in human body and yet to be examined in detail for its biological role. [Pg.231]

When one examines the nature, sources, and funding of pharmaceutical innovation, certain principles become apparent. The areas where federal support has been most prominent are in basic research and in large-scale clinical trials. These happen to be areas where the benefits—while very real—are long-term, not immediately apparent ones. [Pg.133]

For manufacturing processes that represent isolation and purification of the pharmaceutical active agent from a natural source, there are certain expectations to be met. The tests that are performed on crude product before its purification must be fully documented and validated. The details of the purification procedure must be provided. In addition, possible alternative purification procedures should be identified and their merits briefly evaluated. Finally, it is necessary to demonstrate that the purification procedure employed actually improves the purity of the pharmaceutical agent. That again represents the utilization of appropriate analytical methodologies which have been adequately validated. [Pg.262]

Most active principles and pharmaceutical forms are processed in the presence of organic solvents or reagents. The current regulations on products generally restrict to a few p.p.m. the amount of residual solvent. This very low concentration level could favour the CO2 utilization when non-polar compounds have to be eliminated. On the other hand, the elimination of residual solvents from tablets, films or other pharmaceutical preparations in which organic solvent are involved has been addressed [15]. Another application is related to the removal of residues from medical materials such as monomers, additives or polymerization residues from polymers or elastomers. Purification of active principles includes elimination of other undesired molecules pesticides from some vegetal extracts, and antibacterials suspected of toxic co-extracts from natural sources. [Pg.615]

Natural products have been, and remain, a rich source of leads for the pharmaceutical industry and many marketed drugs are either natural products or are modifications of such substances. Hence, considerable effort is spent in isolating and characterising chemicals from natural sources which can be tested in a variety of biological screens. Often, it is necessary to carry out laborious extraction and purification steps and the advent of directly coupled HPLC-NMR has been explored as an alternative technique for natural product identification. The use of HPLC-NMR, and other hyphenated techniques such as HPLC-MS-MS, for identification of natural products from plant sources has been reviewed by Wolfender and co-workers [40,41],... [Pg.67]


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See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.11 , Pg.135 , Pg.184 ]




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