Petroleum residues reference material

Coprocessing refers to the combined processing of petroleum residue with other hydrocarbon feedstocks. The petroleum residue contains chiefly 75 wt% materials boiling above... 

In this work, several approaches such as direct dilution, wet-ashing, and a newly developed microwave digestion technique were used to prepare and analyze petroleum samples for the purposes of method and result comparison. The samples used for this study were a NIST lubricant additive Standard Reference Material (SRM) 1848, Residue Fuel oil SRM 1634B, 1634C, and a polymer resin. 

Calibration standards which are certified by a responsible standards organization may be used when applicable to the sample of interest. Such standards included Standard Reference Materials (SRM) prepared and certified by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), and Standard Sample of Sulfur in Residual Fuel Oil certified by the Japan Petroleum Institute. 

A residuum, often shortened to resid, is the residue obtained from petroleum after nondestmctive distillation has removed all the volatile materials. The temperature of the distillation is usually below 345°C because the rate of thermal decomposition of petroleum constituents is substantial above 350°C. Temperatures as high as 425°C can be employed in vacuum distillation. When such temperatures are employed and thermal decomposition occurs, the residuum is usually referred to as pitch. By inference, the name is used in the same manner as when it refers to the nonvolatile residue from the thermal decomposition of coal tar (3). 

Acyclic C5. The C5 petroleum feed stream consists mainly of isoprene which is used to produce rubber. In a separate stream the linear C5 diolefin, piperylene (trans and cis), is isolated. Piperylene is the primary monomer in what are commonly termed simply C5 resins. Small amounts of other monomers such as isoprene and methyl-2-butene are also present. The latter serves as a chain terminator added to control molecular weight. Polymerization is cationic using Friedel-Crafts chemistry. Because most of the monomers are diolefins, residual backbone unsaturation is present, which can lead to some crosslinking and cyclization. Primarily, however, these are linear acyclic materials. Acyclic C5 resins are sometimes referred to as synthetic polyterpenes , because of their similar polarity. However, the cyclic structures within polyterpenes provide them with better solvency power and thus a broader range of compatibility than acyclic C5s. 

Up to this point, we have considered liquids deposited on plates or other large objects. What happens in the case of smaller objects, such as tubes or threads Such questions have direct practical applications. The fact that some residual liquid remains in a tube when one tries to empty it out has important ramifications in the process of assisted recovery of petroleum (when one pumps out a porous rock saturated with oil, approximately 40% of the crude oil is left behind). On a more modest laboratory scale, most of us are familiar with the propensity of a pipette to retain a small amount of liquid after it has been drained out. At the other end of the spectrum, the greasing or oiling of fibers, which refers to their lubrication at high speed, is an important industrial process. It benefits both their manufacture (it cuts back on ruptures by improving their cohesiveness) and their applications (if the fibers are intended to be used as reinforcement of composite materials, the process is used to coat the fibers with adhesion-promoting substances). 

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